Recent Bookmarks and Annotations
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Marry Him! - The Atlantic(March 2008) on 2009-08-12
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The case for settling for Mr. Good Enough
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外语学习的真实方法及误区（转） on 2009-06-06
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1.悉得——学得差异假设（The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis）
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2.自然顺序假设（The Natural Order Hypothesis）
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3. 监检假设（The Monitor Hypothesis）
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4. 输入假设（The Input Hypothesis）
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5. 情感过滤假设（The Affective Filter Hypothesis）
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于是斯韦恩（Swain）在1985 年提出了“可理解输出理论”，即在输出时尝试做一些高出他们目前水平的练习。
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所以严格来讲，外国小孩上学不学习“认字”，而是学“拼音规律”。英文叫做Phonics。
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我把著名语言学家保罗•比斯勒博士(Pimsleur)的关于“阅读”应实现于“听说”的语言能力掌握之后的论述给大家参考：“Reading has been defined as "decoding the graphic material to the phonemic patterns of spoken language which have already been mastered when reading is begun." To put it another way, reading consists of coming back to speech through the graphics symbols. In short, meanings reside in the sounds of the spoken language. Speaking a language is the necessary first step to acquiring the ability to read a language with meaning. ------Paul Pimsleur”
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1． 早期（Early Stage）或初始理解期(Pre-production/Comprehension Stage)。
2． 提高期(Upping the Ante)
3． 增长期(Getting Serious)
4． 高级期(Scaling Everest)
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罗塞达石碑（Rosetta Stone）一词原指一块致使人类破解了古埃及文语言的特殊石头。1799年拿破仑远征埃及时，他手下的一个士兵偶然在尼罗河河口的小城罗塞达附近，发现了一块石碑。石碑是黑色玄武岩，高 114 公分，厚 28 公分，宽 72 公分。这块石碑是公元前196年底比斯祭司为歌颂埃及国王托勒密五世即位而制作的。石碑上的文字非常奇特：上面刻的是古埃及的象形文字，中部是古埃及的俗体文字，下面则是古希腊文，用这3种不同的文字记述相同的赞美词。于是法国的埃及学家商博良在19世纪初用它做“钥匙”破解了古埃及象形文字。
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TPR“全身反应法”是上世纪60年代（那个语言学“火红的年代”）由美国心理学教授James Asher提出的。
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TPR WORD LIST：
General Body Movements
stand up，sit down，walk，stop，turn left，turn right，turn around，walk backwards，jump，hop， bend over，squat，walk 3 steps, 5 steps, etc.， face ___ (face me; face the wall, face the door, etc.)，lift up your right leg (left leg, right arm, etc.)，lower your leg (left leg, right arm, etc.)， shake my hand，kiss me (on the cheek!)，make a fist，clap your hands，wave。
Facial things
smile，cough，laugh，cry，sneeze，open your mouth，close your mouth，stick out your tongue，put your tongue back in，wink，blink，wiggle your nose
General verbs you can use with objects
where is， touch，show me，pick up，put down，put it back (return)，drop， move，give me (give him)，take it back，throw，catch，turn over (flip)，put the _____ on (under etc.) the ______，push，pull， lift
Kitchen table stuff
cup， plate， bowl， knife，fork，spoon， napkin / tissue， dish，big round serving tray，tray you’d serve tea or coffee on，table，chair
kitchen stuff
pan， oven，stove，sink，faucet，counter，cupboard，refrigerator
basic foods
flour，sugar，bread，tea leaves，coffee grounds，rice，nuts，yogurt，candy, etc.
drinks
water，milk，juice，soda，yogurt (drinking)，coffee，tea
fruits/vegetables
apple， banana， orange， plum， grapes， fig， dates， raisons， lemon，pomegranate，tomato， cucumber， zucchini， onion， carrot， eggplant， small eggplant，potato， garlic， parsley， lettuce， grape leaves， celery， mint，cabbage, etc.
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第一个部分，顺序也是在先，叫做“续列法”(Series Method)，第二部叫做“生成对话”(Dialogue Generation)。两部分可单独使用，一起用最理想。第一部分从某种意义上说，是TPR的发展和延续，需要外教的参与。
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这种“友好的交谈者”在语言学中有个名词，叫做(Sympathetic Speaker)或叫做 (Care-taker Speaker)。
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第二阶段“提纯后理想体系”应该的样子的简单描述：
这样一个系统，能在这一阶段语言难度下，由简单句组成的，对带有画面的故事情节进行连续的语言描述。故事最好是连续的，情节和画面的设计，应该是通过我们的观察，现有语言成分的掌握，与实际生活经验的联系以及故事情节的发展和上下文的关联，“预测”得出每句话的含义。
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计算机辅助语言学习Computer-Aided Second Language Learning (CALL)就可以从技术上实现我们的要求，提供这一理想条件。如果设计得符合语言学的要求，可能会比真人环境和教学好得多的。
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当然这里还应用到了几个语言学的其他要素，比如：Parsing, Culture Bank, Top-down vs. Buttom Up等等
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研究发现，使用拼音文字的人，常用的是后脑的威尔尼克语言区；但使用中文的人，此区几乎用不到，常用的是前脑的布鲁卡区。中文的语言区更接近于大脑运动功能区。由于中文语言功能区与运动区紧密相连，要想学好中文要多看、多写、多说，靠 “运动”来记忆，而学习英文则应注重营造一个“语音环境”，注重多做听说的练习，因为英文的那一个语言功能区更靠近听力区。
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弗朗索瓦提出了续列法Series Method，一个直接从听力对话入手，不学语法知识，不背单词，不要翻译的方法。但倔强有时又限制人的发展。老弗不擅长推销自己，1900年的人们并不了解和广泛使用他的方法，他的发明的续列法Series Method倒是被狡猾的同事贝立兹给“拿来主义”了，创立了著名的贝立兹学校而名利双收，
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专家对他的评价是典型“诵读困难”或叫“失读症”(Dyslexia)。在英语国家，“不识字” (Dyslexia)的问题至今仍是非常普遍，而且根本不是受教育条件差学的缘故。
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大家熟悉的 “失读症”名人，除了乔治.华盛顿，还有丘吉尔首相，Cher, Orlando Bloom, Tom Cruise
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“字母读音法”大战“整体语言法”（Phonics vs. Whole Language）
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许多曾支持Whole Language的学者和政治家都为此名声扫地，其中包括大家熟悉的克拉申博士。克拉申这个SLA的泰斗，终于因搅了这滩浑水而晚节不保。
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以至于弗吉尼亚大学教授 Tom Estes这样说：“Whoever can solve this problem will be like Jesus walking on water.”
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我们有位中国人李博士，就曾经在美国推行过中国式的Phonics，效果非常好，两星期就治好了很多失读症，很多学生家长感激涕泠。但这触及了美国关于这一问题的政治敏感。美国人花了多少亿都解决不了，怎么你中国人倒能解决呢？而且很多政治家还要靠“拿住Phonics研究权”来竞选呢（25%美国孩子有这问题，家长们想必会支持高喊解决这一问题的议员），所以这一“中国式”的Phonics法到了市政府一级就被封杀了。有的人明知是好，也不能冒政治风险险推广。学术问题演化为了政治问题，美国人只好自尝苦果了。
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TPR-O (TPR with Objects)
大家在桌子上放一些生活中的实物（Objects），可以是随意找到的东西，比如apple和banana。然后教师让大家听与这些物品相关联的动作和行为等的简单描述。 This is an apple. Where is apple? 用动作指出。做动作表示Smell it, bite it, give it to me, roll it, peel it等相关句子。TPR-O的关键是将表示动作的动词和实物名词相关联用动作表述。
TPR-P (TPR with Pictures)
教师用英语对一些照片或画面中的物品，人物，动作，情景等进行描述。这一方式有些象“看图听音”的进一步拓展。比如照片上一个男人在吃苹果。可以从This is a man. Where is the man? He is eating. What is he doing? He is eating an apple.等不断扩展，直到可以更复杂地对其他背景信息进行描述。比如穿的服装，年龄职业，周围环境等等。
TPR-S (TPR with Stories)
由Blaine Ray首先在教学中开发使用的该方法在美国学校中被广泛采用。主要方法是教师用学生基本可以理解的词汇，通过动作和道具表演一个简单的小故事。关键点是要生动和有趣。也可以先让学生熟悉故事内容以帮助理解，然后再开始表演。
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下面摘录二语悉得大师Rod Ellis在二语悉得概论中的一段关于研究悉得理论目的的话和大家分享：
SLA is not a uniform and predictable phenomenon. There is no single way in which learners acquire a second language. SLA is the product of many factors pertaining to the learner on the one hand and learning situation on the other. It is important, therefore, to start by recognizing the complexity and diversity that results from the interaction of these two sets of factors. Different learners in different situations learn a second language in different ways. Nevertheless, although the variability and individuality of language learning need to be emphasized, the study of SLA assumes interest only if it is possible to identify aspects that are relatively stable and hence generalizable, if not to all learners, then, at least, to large groups of learners. The term‘second language acquisition’is used to refer to these general aspects.
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从七十年代开始的第二语言学习策略研究，使语言教学者的关注从以教师为中心的“如何教”转变为以学生为中心的“怎样学”。最新的语言学习方法Learner-Strategy Approach，更是一个以学习者为中心，了解每个学习者不同阶段特点，以分析和“制定学习策略”为核心语言教学方式。
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请大家上网去测试一下自己的Learning Style。（Learning Style免费测试网站很多，一般都是英文的，但很好懂。有的20题，有的上百题，还细分小类别，但基本上是以上三个类别。
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1， 内部声音库和声音辨别的问题：(acoustic reason)
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3， 文化知识库 (cultural knowledge bank)
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1，“从上至下”的听力处理 (Top-down Processing)
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2，“自下而上”的处理过程 Bottom-up Processing
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1， 需要建立外语思维： Able to think in the target language
2， 语言的掌握不是通过翻译和记忆，而是与思维，概念或图像建立直接联系：Through association, not translation or memorization
3， 语法的掌握是下意识的过程，不应该通过有意识地学习： An implicit subconscious learning process rather than explicit conscious learning or active instruction.
4， 要注重理解和含义而非结构：Meaning-focus instead of form-focus.
5， 语言环境和掌握语言的关系：Linguistic environment and language acquisition
6， 关键是提供可理解输入条件 Comprehensive input i+1
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Krashen 2004年在13届国际语言教学图书大会上发言中关于学习者需要在学习语言前了解语言学习理论的部分，原文如下：One component of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) needs to be orientation. A brief explanation of language acquisition theory. Our goal is to develop independent, or autonomous acquirers. Knowing how language is acquired will help ensure that this will occur. It is also important to tell students something about the philosophy underlying our practice because the approach outlined here is radically different from traditional approaches; we need to justify our pedagogy to students and in some cases to their parents.
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理想的学习体系跟我们描述的第二阶段的理想体系的特点很类似，大家可以参考第二阶段的内容。但现在增加了一些难度，并从多个人描述的语言转为多对话的语言。故事还是要有连续性，图像辅助也还是必要，但语言的内容应该是不仅能靠图像才能明了，而是根据故事的发展，上下文的联系，前后逻辑关系和自己熟悉的知识，生活经验等实现能够“预测”含义，并且能经常在后面以不同的形式反复出现。这一阶段与前阶段最大的区别是表现在学习形式上，由原来单纯的听，变成了听说读的循环配合。
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A Sample Acquisition Cycle
1， 先听整段原文，段落长短控制在正常速度10钟内放完。难度选择应该是控制在第一遍能听懂的程度是70%上下。不要看文字或字幕。这步的目的主要是先熟悉要学的内容或说是该内容的声音。
2， 开始分句模仿跟读，每句约三遍，（听一遍跟一遍，不是听一遍读三遍）不懂的也跟读，别着急查意思。是否全对或是否全会不必太介意，可以看字幕但尽量不看，一边模仿，一边猜测不明白部分的含义。关键技巧是“猜测”。
3， 不看字幕分句跟读一遍，把原声和自己读的声音都录下来。
4， 放第3步的录音，努力听每句自己读的和原文有何区别并再次感受刚才的过程，可看字幕帮助核对。
5， 分句自己先说，然后再听原文。第一次可看字幕，后两次尽量不看字幕。
6， 自己回想该段剧情，试着复述说刚才每部分的句子。
7， 如果有测试题，可以测试一下自己对上一段掌握的程度，还是80分就好。
8， 下一段开始，重复上面同样的程序。
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大家如果纯靠听，需要同一材料听几遍，利用再听的机会进行模仿和同声重复，采用的技巧叫做Simultaneous Repetition
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中国同学普遍认可的记忆和重复的学习方式被称为Rote Learning，简称RL。西方学者分析发现，RL是中国同学对语言学习的典型观念(Watkins and Biggs 1996)。有的学者认为亚洲，特别是中国，背诵风气形成的原因主要是受儒家文化的影响（Horwitz 1999, Wenden, 1987）
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任务型语言教学 (Task-based language teaching)
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科德（Corder,1981）曾经说过，有效的语言教学不应违背自然过程，而应适应自然过程；不应阻碍学习，而应有助于学习并促进学习；不能令学生去适应教师和教材，而应让教师和教材去适应学生。
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语言掌握的“沉默期”Silent Period不但是自然过程的特点，同时也是加快语言掌握的手段。
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梁文道：我的灵魂我的书 on 2009-06-02
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而且我不只喜欢划线，我还喜欢看别人划的线。所以我借书给人家的时候，有朋友说：“你放心我会让它很干净的。”我说：“不，千万别！你最好在上面做点笔记。”为什么呢？因为这样一来，我可以看到他怎么去阅读。所以这样的阅读是一种双重阅读，首先是我自己在阅读；第二，我在阅读另一个读者怎么阅读，这是一个双重的阅读过程。
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Micro-Interactions in a 2.0 World (v2) on 2009-02-15
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Self-publishers flourish as writers pay the tab - International Herald Tribune on 2009-01-29
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Some, like Lulu Enterprises and CreateSpace from Amazon.com, allow the author to create the book free, but then make their money on a small printing markup and a profit split with the author.
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Michelle Long, an accountant who advises small businesses, published "Successful QuickBooks Consulting," a guide for others who want to help businesses use a software package made by Intuit through CreateSpace a little more than a year ago. She said she had earned 45 to 55 percent of the cover price on each sale and had made $22,000 in royalties on the sale of more than 2,000 copies.
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"A lot of this niche content is doing fairly well relative to the rest of the economy because it's very useful to people who have a very specific need," said Aaron Martin, director of self-publishing and manufacturing on demand at Amazon.
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When Lisa Genova, a former consultant to pharmaceutical companies, wrote her first novel, "Still Alice," a story about a woman with Alzheimer's disease, she was turned down or ignored by 100 literary agents.
Genova paid $450 to iUniverse to publish the book and sold copies to independent bookstores. A fellow author discovered the book and introduced Genova to an agent, and she eventually sold "Still Alice" for a mid-six-figure advance to Pocket Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, which released a new edition this month. It had its debut on the New York Times trade paperback fiction best-seller list on Sunday, at No. 5.
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The most common Chinese characters on 2008-10-16
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The most common Chinese characters in order of frequency
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Ah! News | Publishing students contribute to Richard Charkin’s Blog Book on 2008-10-08
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A team of students (Mary Berry, Nayumi Furuta, Rhianna Jones, Holly Vitow, Amy Wigelsworth and Shell Xu) indexed the book, and Caitlyn Miller, who led the indexing team, also worked with Macmillan to prepare the book for publication.
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London’s Best Food Markets - Time Out London on 2008-10-08
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Alexandra Palace Farmers' Market
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Alexandra Palace Farmers’ Market, entrance at Hornsey Gate, off Muswell Hill; or Campsbourne School, Nightingale Lane, off Priory Rd, N8 (0208 302 9010). Alexandra Palace rail, then W3 bus. Open Sun 10am-3pm
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Broadway Market, London Fields, E8 (
www.broadwaymarket.co.uk). Bethnal Green tube, London Fields rail or bus 26, 48, 55, 206, 253, 263, 277, 388, 394, D6. Open Sat 9am-5pm.
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Pimlico Road Farmers’ Market, Orange Square, corner of Pimlico Rd and Ebury St, SW1 (020 7833 0338/
www.lfm.org.uk). Sloane Square tube or Victoria tube/rail. Open Sat 10am-2pm.
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Swiss Cottage Farmers’ Market, Eton Avenue, opposite Hampstead Theatre, NW3 3EU (020 7833 0338/
www.lfm.org. uk). Swiss Cottage tube. Open Wed 10am-4pm.
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Wimbledon Park Farmers’ Market, Wimbledon Park First School, Havana Rd, SW19 8EJ (020 7833 0338/
www.lfm. org.uk). Wimbledon Park tube/bus 156. Open Sat 10am-1pm.
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Media Literacy: Making Sense Of New Technologies And Media by George Siemens - Sep 6 08 - Robin Good's Latest News on 2008-09-15
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10 Weblog Engines Reviewed | Developer's Toolbox | Smashing Magazine on 2008-09-15
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1. Wordpress
Wordpress is the most famous and widely-used blogging platform. It features a very intuitive web-based installer so anyone from skill level novice to expert can quickly install the software without any hiccups.
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2. Movable Type
While Wordpress is the most widely-adopted blogging platform, Movable Type has the most prolific installs of high-traffic blogs. Their high-profile installs include (and certainly aren’t limited to) Huffington Post (the most popular blog on the Web), Gawker blogs (Lifehacker, Gizmodo, etc.), BoingBoing and dooce.
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3. ExpressionEngine
ExpressionEngine is a very robust blogging platform, but isn’t free. The best feature about ExpressionEngine is the feature to publish multiple websites, either using different subdomains on a single domain, or across multiple domains.
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4. Drupal
Drupal isn’t your typical blogging software. While it has an incredible community behind the code and many blogs use it for blogging software, it’s not just blogging software. Drupal is community software.
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5. Textpattern
Textpattern is a much simpler blogging platform than any of the above mentioned software. It isn’t even packaged with a WYSIWYG editor, and instead relies on the Textile markup language to format the text.
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6. Joomla
Joomla is a CMS that is similar to the community-friendly Drupal, and gaining traction every day. While Drupal is geared more towards developing community-flavored sites and blogs, Joomla seems to be geared more towards ecommerce (you can read more about the comparison between Joomla and Drupal here).
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7. b2evolution
b2evolution is another blogging platform that allows for a single installation of a blog, or a whole network of blogs, right out of the box. b2 probably has the weakest developer community behind it, with only a 200+ plugins (compared to Joomla’s 3,400+).
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8. Nucleus CMS
Nucleus is yet another single or multi-blog/multi-author blogging software package. It is fairly comparable to b2evolution in terms of features and development community, and has a list of fairly extensive and useful plugins and themes that can be added to customize any installation.
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9. Serendipity
Serendipity takes pride in the fact that it is a beginner-friendly blogging platform. Serendipity keeps your plugins up-to-date by automatically checking the plugin repository online and downloading the updated version if needed from a fairly extensive library of user-contributed plugins. The software also features nested and threaded commenting, which many blog platforms don’t support without a plugin of some sort.
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10. Mephisto
Up until this point, we haven’t even mentioned any blog software that runs on any other language other than PHP. Mephisto blogging software is blogging software built on Rails. Mephisto offers a very clean look to the backend, and has an intuitive feel to it. You can control every aspect of the look of Mephisto with the built-in template editor, without the help of FTP clients.
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