Laurel G (decoeur)'s Public Profile in the Diigo Community

I use Diigo because I love lists

Member since Jan 12, 2007, follows 0 people, 0 public groups, 175 public bookmarks (195 total).

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The cgiemail user guide about 8 hours ago
- The cgiemail user guide
- 1. Create an e-mail template.
  
  Before you start receiving e-mail messages through the web, you should
  decide what these messages should look like. Create an ASCII file,
  called an e-mail template, that looks something like this:
  
  To: strangeman@chasm.big HEADER LINES
  Subject: questions three
  blank line
  What is your name? [yourname]
  What is your quest? [quest] BODY
  What is your favourite colour? [colour]
- 4 more annotations...
- - Wherever you want the user of your form to supply information, use
    a single word inside square brackets with no spaces, e.g.
    Your name: [yourname]. Not [Put your name here].
    
    Make sure the address in the To: field is correct.
    
    If there are blank lines among the header lines, remove them.
    
    If there are blank lines before the header lines, remove them.
    
    Make sure all your header lines are valid. The first character on
    the line must be a letter. Most information
    should go in the message body; don't make up your own headers.
    
    Make sure there is a blank line between the header lines and the
    body.
    
    Make sure you save it as ASCII text. For example, if you are
    using Microsoft Word, use "Save As" and choose "Text Only with
    Line Breaks."
    
    If you created the file on a Mac, be sure to upload it as text,
    i.e. CR's translated. (Unix computers have different codes
    denoting the end of a line than Mac's do, so your file might look
    like one long line to the Unix computer.)
  - 4. Create the HTML form
  - This is the HTML source:
    
    <FORM METHOD="POST"
    ACTION="http://web.mit.edu/bin/cgiecho/wwwdev/cgiemail/questions3.txt">
    
    Your e-mail address: <INPUT NAME="email"><p>
    Your name: <INPUT NAME="yourname"><p>
    Your quest: <INPUT NAME="quest"><p>
    Your favourite colour: <INPUT NAME="colour"><p>
    <INPUT TYPE="submit" value="Send e-mail">
    </FORM>
  - 6. Make sure the ACTION is correct.
    
    The trickiest part of the HTML form is getting the ACTION set
    correctly. Start with the URL of your e-mail template, then split it
    into two parts, e.g.
    
    http://web.mit.edu/wwwdev/cgiemail/questions3.txt
    \ /\ /
    `--- Part 1 ---' ` -------- Part 2 ----------'
    
    First type the URL of your e-mail template into a web browser and make
    sure it's correct. Then put the script name in the middle.
    Usually this is ``/cgi-bin/cgiecho'', but it depends on how
    your server is configured. On web.mit.edu it happens to be
    ``/bin/cgiecho'', thus my ACTION looks like this:
    
    http://web.mit.edu/bin/cgiecho/wwwdev/cgiemail/questions3.txt
    \ /\ /\ /
    `--- Part 1 ---' script name ` -------- Part 2 ----------'
    
    For simplicity, you may leave out part 1, but you must include it if you
    want to test your form as a local file. If you don't know what that
    means, just feel free to omit part 1.

The cgiemail user guide about 8 hours ago

1. Create an e-mail template.

Before you start receiving e-mail messages through the web, you should
decide what these messages should look like. Create an ASCII file,
called an e-mail template, that looks something like this:

To: strangeman@chasm.big                          HEADER LINES
Subject: questions three
                                                  blank line
What is your name?              [yourname]
What is your quest?             [quest]           BODY
What is your favourite colour?  [colour]

1. Create an e-mail template.

Before you start receiving e-mail messages through the web, you should
decide what these messages should look like. Create an ASCII file,
called an e-mail template, that looks something like this:

To: strangeman@chasm.big                          HEADER LINES
Subject: questions three
                                                  blank line
What is your name?              [yourname]
What is your quest?             [quest]           BODY
What is your favourite colour?  [colour]

What Computers Can't Do - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia on 2009-11-18
- What Computers Can't Do
- Dreyfus argued that human intelligence and expertise depends primarily on unconscious instincts rather than conscious symbolic manipulation, and that these unconscious skills could never be captured in formal rules.
- 25 more annotations...
- - the first wave of AI research which used of high level formal symbols to represent reality and tried to reduce intelligence to symbol manipulation.
  - Historian and AI researcher Daniel Crevier writes: "time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of Dreyfus's comments."
  - Dreyfus felt that this optimism was totally unwarranted. He believed that they were based on false assumptions about the nature of human intelligence.
  - These predictions were based on the success of an "information processing" model of the mind, articulated by Newell and Simon in their physical symbol systems hypothesis, and later expanded into a philosophical position known as computationalism by philosophers suchs as Jerry Fodor and Hillary Putnam. Believing that they had successfully simulated the essential process of human thought with simple programs, it seemed a short step to producing fully intelligent machines. However, Dreyfus argued that philosophy, especially 20th century philosophy, had discovered serious problems with this information processing viewpoint. The mind, according to modern philosophy, is nothing like a computer.
  - Dreyfus identified four philosophical assumptions that supported the faith of early AI researchers that human intelligence depended on the manipulation of symbols.
  - Dreyfus writes, "the assumption is taken by workers in [AI] as an axiom, guaranteeing results, whereas it is, in fact, one hypothesis among others, to be tested by the success of such work."
  - The biological assumption
    
    The brain processes information in discrete operations by way of some biological equivalent of on/off switches.
  - that neurons functioned similar to the way Boolean logic gates operate, and so could be imitated by electronic circuitry at the level of the neuron.^[11] When digital computers became widely used in the early 50s, this argument was extended to suggest that the brain was a vast physical symbol system, manipulating the binary symbols of zero and one.
  - Dreyfus was able to refute the biological assumption by citing research in neurology that suggested that the action and timing of neuron firing had analog components.
  - The psychological assumption
    
    The mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules.
  - He refuted this assumption by showing that much of what we "know" about the world consists of complex attitudes or tendencies that make us lean towards one interpretation over another.
  - He argued that, even when we use explicit symbols, we are using them against an unconscious background of commonsense knowledge and that without this background our symbols cease to mean anything.
  - The epistemological assumption
    
    All knowledge can be formalized.
  - AI researchers could still argue (as AI founder John McCarthy has) that it was possible for a symbol processing machine to represent all knowledge, regardless of whether human beings represented knowledge the same way. Dreyfus argued that there was no justification for this assumption, whatsoever, since so much of human knowledge was not symbolic.
  - The ontological assumption
    
    The world consists of independent facts that can be represented by independent symbols
    Laurel G on 2009-11-18
    
    When we put 2 or more independent symbols together we come up with a brand new symbol that can mean something totally different.
  - Dreyfus also identified a subtler assumption about the world. AI researchers (and futurists and science fiction writers) often assume that there is no limit to formal, scientific knowledge, because the assume that any phenomenon in the universe can be described by symbols or scientific theories. This assumes that everything that exists can be understood as objects, properties of objects, classes of objects, relations of objects, and so on: precisely those things that can be described by logic, language and mathematics. The question of what exists is called ontology, and so Dreyfus calls this "the ontological assumption:" If this is false, then it raises doubts about what we can ultimately know and on what intelligent machines will ultimately be able to help us to do.
    Laurel G on 2009-11-18
    
    Things like love and religion defy being an object of any kind
  - Dreyfus argued that human problem solving and expertise depend on our unconscious sense of the context, of what's important and interesting given the situation, rather than on the process of searching through combinations of possibilities to find what we need. Dreyfus would describe it in 1986 as the difference between "knowing-that" and "knowing-how", based on Heidegger's distinction of present-at-hand and ready-to-hand
  - Knowing-that is our conscious, step-by-step problem solving abilities. We use these skills when we encounter a difficult problem that requires us to stop, step back and search through ideas one at time.
  - Knowing-how, on the other hand, is the way we deal with things normally. We take actions without using conscious symbolic reasoning at all, as when we recognize a face, drive ourselves to work or find the right thing to say. We seem to simply jump to the appropriate response, without considering any alternatives. This is the essence of expertise, Dreyfus argued: when our intuitions have been trained to the point that we forget the rules and simply "size up the situation" and react.
  - Our sense of the situation is based on our goals, our bodies and our culture—all of our unconscious intuitions, attitudes and knowledge about the world. This “context” or "background" (related to Heidegger's Dasein) is a form of knowledge that is not stored in our brains symbolically, but intuitively. It affects what we notice and what we don't notice, what we expect and what possibilities we don't consider: we discriminate between what is essential and inessential. (Gladwell calls this "thin-slicing"). The things that are inessential are relegated to our "fringe consciousness" (borrowing a phrase from William James): the millions of things we're aware of, but we're not really thinking about right now.
  - He argued that our unconscious knowledge could never be captured symbolically.
  - AI research in general has moved away from high level symbol manipulation or "GOFAI", towards new models that are intended to capture more of our unconscious reasoning. Daniel Crevier writes that by 1993, unlike 1965, AI researchers no longer made the psychological assumption,^[13] and had continued forward without it.
    Laurel G on 2009-11-18
    
    You can reverse engineer a painting that Monet had done, but can AI produce another creation with the same breathtaking style?
  - These new "sub-symbolic" approaches include:
    
    Computational intelligence paradigms, such as neural nets, evolutionary algorithms and so on are mostly directed at simulated unconscious reasoning. Dreyfus himself agrees that these sub-symbolic methods can capture the kind of "tendencies" and "attitudes" that he considers essential for intelligence and expertise.^[36]
    Research into commonsense knowledge has focussed on reproducing the "background" or context of knowledge.
    Robotics researchers like Hans Moravec and Rodney Brooks were among the first to realize that unconscious skills would prove to be the most difficult to reverse engineer. (See Moravec's paradox) Brooks would spearhead a movement in the late 80s that took direct aim at the use of high-level symbols, called Nouvelle AI. The situated movement in robotics research attempts to capture our unconscious skills at perception and attention.^[37]
  - Dreyfus did not anticipate that AI researchers would realize their mistake and begin to work towards new solutions, moving away from the symbolic methods that Dreyfus criticized
  - 1965, AI researchers did not imagine that such programs were necessary, so they claimed AI was almost complete. Both were wrong.
the public library - marketing it and as the "third place" | INLS843 Seminar in Public Libraries on 2009-11-16
- Library as Third Place - Is It REALLY About Coffee?
LIBRARIES WITH LATTES: THE NEW THIRD PLACE. -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia on 2009-11-16
- LIBRARIES WITH LATTES: THE NEW THIRD PLACE.
NSLS: The Public Library: A Third Place for Teens on 2009-11-16
- The Public Library: A Third Place for Teens
Top 4 Health Problems Caused By Computer Use | Healthy Health List (heheli.com) on 2009-11-14
- Top 4 Health Problems Caused By Computer Use
- 1. Eye Disease
- 3 more annotations...
- - 2. Bad Posture
  - 3. Hurting Hands
  - 4. Computer Stress Injuries
Public Library Internet Services: Impacts on the Digital Divide. Stage I Final Report. on 2009-11-11
- Public Library Internet Services: Impacts on the Digital Divide. Stage I Final Report.
What digital divide? - CNET News on 2009-11-11
- Perspective: What digital divide?
- More than half the population of the United States is now online, an increase of 26 million people in 13 months, and the number continues to grow. The report also shows that Internet use is continuing to increase for everyone regardless of income, education, age, race, ethnicity or gender. Even groups not historically "early adopters" are growing their online presence. For instance, the DOC report shows that 39.8 percent of blacks and 31.6 percent of Hispanics are online.
- 1 more annotations...
- - What might be the most remarkable finding of the DOC report is that "between December 1998 and September 2001, Internet use by individuals in the lowest income households (those earning less than $15,000 per year) increased at a 25 percent annual growth rate." In 2001, 25 percent of lower income people were online, and if things continue at this rate, it won't be long before virtually everyone who wants to connect can.
Computer Addiction on 2009-11-11
- Abstract: Computer Addiction

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