Cullison J (cullisonj)'s Public Profile in the Diigo Community

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Sudan Genocide Genocide in Sudan on 2009-06-04
- Home
  > Sudan Genocide
  
  GENOCIDE IN SUDAN
  
  Darfur is a region about the size of France located in Western Sudan. A
  little over half of the six million people who live there are black Africans
  while the rest are Arab. It is a region that has faced severe underdevelopment
  and neglect from the central government.
  
  In early 2003, two loosely allied rebel groups began a rebellion in
  Darfur, Sudan calling for the redress of social and economic grievances and
  demanding greater political power. Sudanese authorities saw the rebellion as a
  threat to the viability of the entire country, fearing other neglected regions
  would similarly rise up and demand larger degrees of autonomy. Thus, the
  government decided to respond by carrying out a deliberate policy of
  extermination against the African tribal peoples of Darfur, Sudan from which the
  rebels are drawn.
Is the Darfur bloodshed genocide? Opinions differ - Los Angeles Times on 2009-06-04
- .S. presidents and some
  activist groups have called the bloody campaign by the Sudanese Arab-led
  government and allied militias 'genocide.' But others doubt the violence fits
  the legal definition.
  
  By Edmund Sanders
- In the United States, many see the six-year war in Darfur as a bloody campaign
  by a Sudanese Arab-dominated government against rebellious "African" tribes in
  western Sudan. Two consecutive American presidents and several activist groups
  have defined it as genocide.
- 1 more annotations...
- - But others, while acknowledging the severity of the violence, question whether
    it meets the legal definition of genocide. The United Nations determined in 2005
    that the Sudanese government wasn't committing genocide in Darfur. Human Rights
    Watch and Doctors Without Borders avoid the G-word too.
Sudan’s Bashir tries to stall Darfur genocide ruling | csmonitor.com on 2009-06-04
- The International Criminal Court said Monday that it will decide on March 4
  whether to issue an arrest warrant for President Omar al-Bashir for charges of
  crimes against humanity and genocide.
- Critics of the ICC, and supporters of Bashir – and these two groups are not
  synonymous – argue that attempting to arrest Bashir now, in an election year,
  when relations with the former secessionist south and the rebellious Darfur
  region to the west, might simply make things worse for the Sudanese people. A
  Comprehensive Peace Accord between Khartoum and South Sudan could crumble if
  Bashir is removed from leadership.
- 1 more annotations...
- - The Darfur conflict – which has entered its sixth year with no end in sight –
    might be given new energy if rebels feel that there is no point in negotiating
    with a weak Khartoum government. A French aid organization in Darfur said Monday
    that two of its Sudanese staff were killed in a bandit attack.
The Genocide in Darfur - Briefing Paper |Save Darfur on 2009-06-04
- As the conflict in Darfur enters its sixth year, conditions continue to
  deteriorate for civilians. Hundreds of thousands of people have been killed,
  even by the most conservative estimates. The United Nations puts the death toll
  at roughly 300,000, while the former U.N. undersecretary-general puts the number
  at no less than 400,000.(1) Up
  to 2.5 million Darfuris have fled their homes and continue to live in camps
  throughout Darfur, or in refugee camps in neighboring Chad and the Central
  African Republic. Based on Sudan’s behavior over the past five years, it is
  clear that unless the international community imposes additional political costs
  for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir’s intransigence, his government will
  continue to buy time by accepting initiatives only to backtrack later or impose
  new conditions that render them useless.
- Humanitarian assistance in Darfur continues to be at risk of collapse, in part
  because of sustained harassment by the Sudanese government, and in part because
  of the government’s militia allies and common criminals
- 2 more annotations...
- - September 2006, the United Nations estimated that such a collapse would cause up
    to 100,000 civilian deaths every month.(2) Troublesome developments suggest that such a failure is
    becoming more likely: the World Food Program’s Humanitarian Air Service received
    no funding in the first three months of 2008.(3) Last-minute donations totaling six million dollars funded
    it through the beginning of May.
    (4
  - In the second half of 2007, the Sudanese government’s divide-and-conquer
    strategy, described by Human Rights Watch as “chaos by design,”(5) caused an increasingly frenzied free-for-all
    in Darfur. Rebel groups fragmented further and criminal activity as well as
    intertribal fighting increased exponentially.(6) Still, the effects of tribal fighting should not be
    overemphasized. Of the eight largest displacements between January and November
    2007, seven resulted from government or Janjaweed attacks. Only one was
    the result of intertribal fighting.(7) In early 2008, deaths and displacements from military
    operations by the government, its allied militias and rebels were even more
    common relative to those caused by tribal conflicts.
Poverty.com - Hunger and World Poverty on 2009-05-06
- About 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes,
  according to the United Nations. This is one person every three and a half
  seconds, as you can see on this display. Unfortunately, it is children who die
  most often.
  
  Yet there is plenty of food in the world for everyone. The problem is that
  hungry people are trapped in severe poverty. They lack the money to buy enough
  food to nourish themselves. Being constantly malnourished, they become weaker
  and often sick. This makes them increasingly less able to work, which then makes
  them even poorer and hungrier. This downward spiral often continues until death
  for them and their families.
  
  There are effective programs to break this spiral. For adults, there are
  “food for work” programs where the adults are paid with food to build schools,
  dig wells, make roads, and so on. This both nourishes them and builds
  infrastructure to end the poverty. For children, there are “food for education”
  programs where the children are provided with food when they attend school.
  Their education will help them to escape from hunger and global poverty.
'Nick' - A Drug Dealer - The Profit Calculator -- New York Magazine on 2009-05-06
- How It Works: “Nick,” a top crystal-meth dealer for a decade
  before getting arrested in 2004, explains the system. Every other month, he’d
  purchase a pound of meth ($32,000 to $36,000) from producers in the Midwest or
  the Filipino mob in California, and have it shipped via regular mail or FedEx
  inside teddy bears, candles, or coffee. In the next 36 hours, he’d sell it in
  bulk to three or four associates, pocketing a 500 percent profit. The associates
  in turn would sell to dozens of small-time dealers who’d take to the streets,
  clubs, and doorsteps of addicts. “If you stay small, there’s not room for
  profit,” says Nick. “But at the top, I would buy a quarter gram for $5 and sell
  it for $50. It’s around $65 today.” There are 1,792 quarter-grams in a pound of
  powder (that’s $89,600 for Nick).
  
  
  
  Nick ascended to the top organically. He began dealing just enough to cover
  his own addiction. “You outgrow the little guys you buy from,” says Nick. “You
  want more than they have. So you go to their supplier. Then their supplier.”
  
  
  
  Annual Revenue: $1.02 million ($813,600 is profit) with
  fifteen-hour workweeks and no taxes.
  
  
  
  DELIVERY MODE OF CHOICE: Rollerblades
  They allow inconspicuous deliveries and are preferable to bikes or
  cabs.
  (Photo: Getty
  Images)
  
  
  Annual Overhead Costs: Six pounds crystal meth: $192,000 to
  $216,000; Cell phone: $2,400.
  
  
  
  Best Way to Make Money: Sell to many users in small
  quantities. “It’s like taking a pound of coffee and selling one grain at a
  time,” says Nick. “If you sell by scoops, you’ll make a couple thousand dollars,
  but if you break it down into quarter grams and work for a few days, you’ll make
  tens of thousands.” Most top dealers don’t actually do this, and lazily sell in
  bulk, as Nick did.
  
  
  
  Most-Profitable Customers: Wealthy professionals who are
  hard-core addicts. They’re discreet and always pay.
  
  
  
  Least-Profitable Customers: Friends. “Nightmare customers
  are your closest friends. They don’t have a problem calling at 6 a.m., and they
  expect low prices.”
  
  
  
  Profit Catastrophes: Prison. “One day you open your door and
  there are five cops, and they take you to prison for two and a half years, where
  you spend all your money on lawyers and make 10 cents an hour in the prison
  shop, like I did. It’s almost inevitable, which is the downside of the
  business.” Dealers avoid police by using only a small, trusted group of
  associates, which eliminates selling to undercover cops. Nick went to jail when
  an associate ratted on him.
  
  
  
  New Yorkonomics: With data on petty drug dealers, the
  economist Steven Levitt has taught us that there is an abundant supply of people
  willing to work in the drug industry at near the minimum wage, so why does this
  guy make so much? His high earnings flow from a type of social capital that is
  in short supply on the streets of Harlem: This dealer has the connections to
  cater to a well-heeled clientele that is willing to pay extra for a discreet and
  reliable dealer. Of course, since someone with his social skills could also earn
  a living without breaking the law, his high earnings from meth dealing also
  provide compensation for the risks of going to jail.
Identity Theft and Fraud on 2009-05-06
- The short answer is that identity theft is a crime. Identity theft and
  identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone
  wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data in some way that
  involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. These Web pages
  are intended to explain why you need to take precautions to protect yourself
  from identity theft. Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and
  cannot be given to someone else for their use, your personal data
  especially your Social Security number, your bank account or credit card number,
  your telephone calling card number, and other valuable identifying data
  can be used, if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your
  expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported
  that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial
  accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken over their identities altogether,
  running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims's names. In
  many cases, a victim's losses may include not only out-of-pocket financial
  losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to
  restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for
  which the criminal is responsible.
- a convicted felon, not only incurred more than $100,000 of credit card debt,
  obtained a federal home loan, and bought homes, motorcycles, and handguns in the
  victim's name, but called his victim to taunt him -- saying that he could
  continue to pose as the victim for as long as he wanted because identity theft
  was not a federal crime at that time -- before filing for bankruptcy, also in
  the victim's name. While the victim and his wife spent more than four years and
  more than $15,000 of their own money to restore their credit and reputation, the
  criminal served a brief sentence for making a false statement to procure a
  firearm, but made no restitution to his victim for any of the harm he had
  caused. This case, and others like it, prompted Congress in 1998 to create a new
  federal offense of identity theft.
- 5 more annotations...
- - In one notorious case of identity theft, the criminal
  - Many people do not realize how easily criminals can obtain our personal data
    without having to break into our homes. In public places, for example, criminals
    may engage in "shoulder surfing" watching you from a nearby location as
    you punch in your telephone calling card number or credit card number or
    listen in on your conversation if you give your credit-card number over the
    telephone to a hotel or rental car company.
    
    Even the area near your home or office may not be secure. Some criminals
    engage in "dumpster diving" going through your garbage cans or a communal
    dumpster or trash bin -- to obtain copies of your checks, credit card or bank
    statements, or other records that typically bear your name, address, and even
    your telephone number. These types of records make it easier for criminals to
    get control over accounts in your name and assume your identity.
    
    If you receive applications for "preapproved" credit cards in the mail, but
    discard them without tearing up the enclosed materials, criminals may retrieve
    them and try to activate the cards for their use without your knowledge. (Some
    credit card companies, when sending credit cards, have adopted security measures
    that allow a card recipient to activate the card only from his or her home
    telephone number but this is not yet a universal practice.) Also, if your mail
    is delivered to a place where others have ready access to it, criminals may
    simply intercept and redirect your mail to another location.
    
    In recent years, the Internet has become an appealing place for criminals to
    obtain identifying data, such as passwords or even banking information. In their
    haste to explore the exciting features of the Internet, many people respond to
    "spam" unsolicited E-mail that promises them some benefit but
    requests identifying data, without realizing that in many cases, the requester
    has no intention of keeping his promise. In some cases, criminals reportedly
    have used computer technology to obtain large amounts of personal data.
    
    With enough identifying information about an individual, a criminal can take
    over that individual's identity to conduct a wide range of crimes: for example,
    false applications for loans and credit cards, fraudulent withdrawals from bank
    accounts, fraudulent use of telephone calling cards, or obtaining other goods or
    privileges which the criminal might be denied if he were to use his real name.
    If the criminal takes steps to ensure that bills for the falsely obtained credit
    cards, or bank statements showing the unauthorized withdrawals, are sent to an
    address other than the victim's, the victim may not become aware of what is
    happing until the criminal has already inflicted substantial damage on the
    victim's assets, credit, and reputation.
  - Central District of California. A woman pleaded guilty to federal charges of
    using a stolen Social Security number to obtain thousands of dollars in credit
    and then filing for bankruptcy in the name of her victim. More recently, a man
    was indicted, pleaded guilty to federal charges and was sentenced to 27 months'
    imprisonment for obtaining private bank account information about an insurance
    company's policyholders and using that information to deposit $764,000 in
    counterfeit checks into a bank account he established
  - District of Kansas. A defendant pleaded guilty to conspiracy, odometer
    fraud, and mail fraud for operating an odometer "rollback" scheme on used
    cars. The defendant used false and assumed identities, including the
    identities of deceased persons, to obtain false identification documents and
    fraudulent car titles.
  - Start by adopting a "need to know" approach to your personal data. Your
    credit card company may need to know your mother's maiden name, so that it can
    verify your identity when you call to inquire about your account. A person who
    calls you and says he's from your bank, however, doesn't need to know that
    information if it's already on file with your bank; the only purpose of such a
    call is to acquire that information for that person's personal benefit. Also,
    the more information that you have printed on your personal bank checks -- such
    as your Social Security number or home telephone number -- the more personal
    data you are routinely handing out to people who may not need that information.
    If someone you don't know calls you on the telephone and offers you the
    chance to receive a "major" credit card, a prize, or other valuable item, but
    asks you for personal data -- such as your Social Security number, credit card
    number or expiration date, or mother's maiden name -- ask them to send you a
    written application form.
    If they won't do it, tell them you're not interested and hang up.
    If they will, review the application carefully when you receive it and make
    sure it's going to a company or financial institution that's well-known and
    reputable. The Better Business
    Bureau can give you information about businesses that have been the subject
    of complaints.
    If you're traveling, have your mail held at your local post office, or ask
    someone you know well and trust another family member, a friend, or a
    neighbor to collect and hold your mail while you're away.
    If you have to telephone someone while you're traveling, and need to pass on
    personal financial information to the person you're calling, don't do it at an
    open telephone booth where passersby can listen in on what you're saying; use a
    telephone booth where you can close the door, or wait until you're at a less
    public location to call.
Robbery - Criminal Law on 2009-05-06
- Many states define robbery as theft/larceny
  of property or money through the offender's use of physical force or fear
  against a victim. Where a deadly weapon such as a gun is used or the victim
  suffers injury, the robbery may be charged as "armed" or "aggravated." Unlike burglary, the
  crime of robbery almost always requires the presence of a victim who suffers
  actual injury, or is threatened with harm.
  
  For example, Dan approaches Victor from behind, demanding Victor's wallet
  while pressing a hard object into his back. Fearing that Dan has a gun, Victor
  gives up his wallet. If Dan did use a gun, or if Victor suffered an injury, the
  charge would likely be elevated to "armed" or "aggravated" robbery.
Getting Involved on 2009-05-06
- In
  the United
  States, 1.3 women are raped every minute. That results in
  78 rapes each hour, 1872 rapes each day, 56160 rapes each month and 683,280
  rapes each year
  
  1 out of every 3 American women will be
  sexually assaulted in her lifetime
  
  1 in 7 women will be raped
  by her husband.
  
  1 in 12 males students surveyed had
  committed acts that met the legal definition of rape. Furthermore, 84% of the
  men who had committed such acts said what they had done was
  definitely not
  rape.
  
  Only 16% of rapes are reported.
  
  Every 9 seconds, a woman is a victim of
  domestic abuse. That is 6.7 women every minute. That results in 402 women each
  hour, 9648 women every day, 299,088 women every year, and 3,589,056 every
  year.
  
  95 % of all victims of domestic violence
  are women.
  
  Domestic Violence is the single major
  cause of injury to women, more than mugging and car accidents
  combined.
  
  Domestic violence occurs in 60% of all
  marriages and is the most unreported crime
doesn't take much to rip us into pieces... on 2009-05-06

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Current Events FHS

37 members, 685 items

This group is a group of students who will be learning about current events and law. Our goal is to become informed and involved citizens aware of our civic rights.