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Skeletal System Introduction - The Anatomy Wiki on 2009-11-15
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Osteology: The scientific study of bones.
Sutural bones/wormian bones: Extra bones within joints (sutures) of the skull.
Sesamoid bones: Extra bones within tendons from repeated stress as the tendon moves across a joint. (develop by intramembraneous ossification inside tendons)
C-shaped hyaline rings: Cartilaginous rings in the respiratory tract that keep the walls of the trochlea and smaller airways open.
Hyaline cartilage: A clear colored cartilage found in much of the respiratory tract, joints, growth plates, and the fetal skeleton. (most abundant c. in body)
Fibrocartilage: Act as shock absorbers found in places such as between vertebrae and in the symphasis pubis. There is an extracellular matrix with thick collagen fibers that help resist stretching and compression.
Elastic cartilage: Also with an extra cellular matrix, it is found in places in need of highly flexible support i.e. external ear, ear canal, epiglottis.
Calcification: Deposition of minerals in the matrix of bone connective tissue to make bone sturdy.
Hemopoisis/hematapoisis: The process of blood cell formation carried out by stem cells in the red bone marrow of spongy bone.
Erythropoietin: Hormone produced by the kidneys, it stimulates hematapoisis.
Ossification/Osteogenesis: To turn (cartilage) into bone.
Long bones: Typically function as levers and are bones of the upper and lower extremities.
Short bones: Cube-shaped and act to transfer forces. Bones of wrist and ankle.
Flat bones: Broad with a dense surface for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs. Roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs.
Irregular bones: Varied in shape with projections for muscle attachments or articulation. Vertebrae, several bones in skull i.e. sphenoid, ethmoid, etc.
Diaphysis: Central shaft of long bones
Medullary cavity/marrow cavity: Hollow space within diaphysis. Contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in growing children.
Endosteum: Lining of medullary cavity. Helps remodel medullary cavity during bone growth and repair.
Epiphysis: Knobby ends of long bones. Outer layer of compact bone and inner layer of spongy bone. At a joint surface, it is covered in hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage, which helps reduce friction and absorb shock in movable joints.
Periosteum: Tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue around the outer surface of bone (except areas covered by art. cartilage). Serves as a place for tendon-muscle attachment to bone. **Periosteum is responsible for the growth in the width of bone by pulling stress on the periosteum.
Epiphyseal growth plate: Located between epiphysis and diaphysis in growing children/teenagers. **Composed of hyaline cartilage with high mitotic activity that helps bones grow in length.
Epiphyseal line: Remnant of e. growth plate in adults when bones are done growing.
Osteoblasts: **Lay down the ground substance that creates new bone. Secrete initial form of bone matrix called osteoid which calcifies to become bone. (happens on the outside of bone)
Osteoclasts: **Maintains matrix of bone by breaking in down. This process is called osteolysis. (happens in the inside of bone)
Intramembraneous ossification: Takes existing membranes & lays down bone tissue. Produces flat bones of the skull and some facial bones. This is why babies have soft spots- the membraneous tissue hasn't hardened yet.
Endochondral ossification: Cartilage is replaced with bone. Occurs with the majority of the skeleton.
Growth hormone/somatotrophin: Produced in pituitary gland and stimulated activity in e. growth plates.
Sex hormones-estrogen and testosterone: Dramatically accelerate bone growth at the e. growth plates at puberty.
Vitamin A: activates/stimulates osteoblasts
Vit. C: required for normal synthesis of collagen, the primary component in bone matrix.
Vit. D: stimulates the absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions into the blood for possible storage in the bone.
Condyle: large, smooth rounded articulating oval structure
Facet: small, flat, shallow art. surface
Head: prominent, rounded epiphysis
Alveolus: deep pit/socket in upper jaw
Fossa: flattened or shallow depression
Crest: narrow, prominent, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle: projection adjacent to a condyle
Process: any marked, bony prominence
Spine: pointed, slender process
Trochanter: massive, rough projection found only on proximal, lateral end of femur
Tubercle: small, round projection
Tuberosity: large, rough projection
Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening through a bone
Foramen: rounded passageway through a bone
Sinus: cavity or hollow space in a bone
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- Illu_bone_growth.jpg (JPEG Image, 520x310 pixels) on 2009-11-15
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Heraldry on 2009-11-14
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A heraldic device became family property and a father who had impressed in battle desired to pass on to his sons the same heraldic pattern. In this way a family’s reputation was maintained.
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Feudal Services on 2009-11-14
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Feudal services and the whole concept of feudalism kept the peasant poor.
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The Lifestyle of Medieval Peasants on 2009-11-14
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The lifestyle of peasants in Medieval
England was extremely hard and harsh -
The peasants were at the bottom of the Feudal
System a
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The Poor Peasant on 2009-11-14
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Very few people cared about the poor in Medieval
England and the lifestyle of peasants
was harsh with no structured support services available to them
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Medieval Women on 2009-11-14
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Medieval
England was not a comfortable place for most women. -
Medieval women
invariably had a hard time in an era when many men lived harsh lives. A few
women lived comfortable lives but Medieval society was completely dominated by
men and women had to know 'their place' in such a society.
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Medieval Clothing on 2009-11-11
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Sumptuary Laws of the Middle Ages on 2009-11-11
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Laws dating back to the Romans restricted ordinary people in their expenditure. These were called Sumptuary Laws.
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English Sumptuary Laws were imposed by rulers to curb the expenditure of the people.
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Middle Ages Clothing on 2009-11-11
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Middle Ages Clothing
Middle Ages clothing and fashion like everything else was dictated by the Pyramid of Power which was the Middle Ages Feudal System.
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