alexa bunker's Profile

Key terms and concepts
OH&S principles and regulations, System unit, input/output devices,
operating systems print queues, Accessing networks

the author is entitled to money from the infringer, without the author needing to show
financial loss from the infringement

If the infringement was "willful", the statutory
damages can go as high as US$ 150 000.

a court may require the infringer to pay all of the attorney's fees of the author.

An author of a copyrighted work has the following exclusive rights conferred

to distribute copies to the public (

It is a violation of copyright law to use all or any part of A's document,
either verbatim or with trivial changes, in a document written by B,
except as described in the section on fair use.

Copying on the Internet

Most of copyright law was formulated in terms of books, audiovisual works
(e.g., motion pictures), and sound recordings. While the basic principles
of copyright law are the same for all media, it is not
yet clear how some of these principles apply to the Internet.

The act of viewing a page on the Internet automatically involves making a copy,
since the material is transferred to the user's computer and stored there
in semiconductor memory (RAM = random access memory).
This copy is arguably not infringement,
because authors post documents on the Internet with the intent of having other
people read the documents, so there may be an implied license to copy web pages during the
reading of them. Moreover, the copy in RAM evaporates when the machine is switched off and
the copy in RAM is overwritten when the next document is read, so the copy in RAM is not
permanent.

A third way to make a copy with a browser is to use the Print
command to make a paper copy of the document.
Such copying may be infringement of a copyright
or there may be an implied license from the author for such paper copies.
If a court finds that there is an implied license, a court could still
find infringement, if the licensee's use exceeded the scope of
the implied license.

A fourth way to make a copy with a browser is to use the
Save As command from the File menu.
This command saves the HTML, JPEG, or other file on the user's hard disk
with a filename chosen by the user.
Such copying may be infringement of a copyright.

A user who copies text or pictures from one web site and then posts the
material among the user's own web pages is generally infringing a copyright.
Even if the user makes some changes before posting the material,
the act of posting can be copyright infringement, as explained above in the
section on plagiarism.

Fair use of a copyrighted work for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research is not copyright infringement.  To determine whether or not a particular use qualifies as fair use, courts apply a multi-factor balancing test.

Copyright protection does not extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery. For example, if a book is written describing a new system of bookkeeping, copyright protection only extends to the author's description of the bookkeeping system; it does not protect the system itself.

According to the Copyright Act of 1976, registration of copyright is voluntary and may take place at any time during the term of protection

The Berne Convention also modified the rule making copyright registration a precondition to commencing a lawsuit for infringement.