Rudra Puri's List: Justice Project- Sanitation

• Beneficial Bacterial Combine (BBC) sprays and Deod powder processed from natural minerals

  • What is being done to help improve the sanitation in Mumbai? India?
    
    - Helping to fight the smell of the rubbish and garbage
• Public sanitation infrastructure is grossly inadequate in most of the religious places where lakhs of people congregate.
• The poor infrastructure resulted in human excreta and waste spread all over, including open spaces.
• Most waste products and excreta were disposed either untreated or improperly treated and posed a major threat to public health to the extent of causing epidemics

  

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• The technology developed by the Pune-based company supported by the Maharashtra Pollution Control

  

  Board

  • What NGO's/ organizations are working towards improving the sanitation of Mumbai?
    
    - Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
• For one million people, at least 40,000 to 50,000 temporary toilets are needed; whereas, the local civic body has been able to provide only around 1000 such toilets along the river front every year.

  • Statistics

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• more than 40 per cent of the world’s population who continue to live without improved sanitation

  • Statistics
    
    
• an estimated 2.6 billion people - including 980 million children – have lagged behind

  • statistics
• children continuing to pay the price in lost lives, missed schooling, in disease, malnutrition and poverty
• Lack of toilets makes women and girls vulnerable to violence if they are forced to defecate only after nightfall and in secluded areas.
• 48 percent of the rural population has access to toilets and sanitation services
• advocate and raise awareness on sanitation, leverage additional funding, and develop country-level road maps
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is operational in 578 out of 600 rural districts with an outlay of Rs.13423.97 crore (US$ 3.35 billion) in which the central share is 60%, the state share as well as the community contributions are approximately 20% each

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• sanitation and hygiene is severely lacking in India, and can be the cause of many problems and illness for visitors
• Thousands of tons of garbage are produced in India’s major cities each day and the amount of trash laying around is often shocking to visitors. The lack of garbage bins contributes a lot to the problem.
• India’s major problems is its severe lack of public toilets, which is blamed for the common sight of men relieving themselves on the side of the street
• the public toilets that are provided are usually dirty and not well maintained

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• 5% of its citizens live in about 2,000 densely populated slums which lack satisfactory basic services, principally, the access to sanitation facilities
• about 55% of its citizens live in about 2,000 densely populated slums which lack satisfactory basic services, principally, the access to sanitation facilities.

• Government and public bodies from time to time supplied toilets under various programs, but they have largely failed to provide sustainable access.
• A sanitation maintenance fund was created by collecting an upfront contribution.
• The SSP constructed 328 toilet blocks with more than 5,100 toilet seats in slums across Mumbai.
• these facilities serve the needs of 250,000 people.
• the actual number of users exceeds 400,000 people

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• Every public place within MCGM limits: Cleaning of the site within 24 hrs after public event, gathering, function is must Every generator of municipal solid waste
• Every owner and occupier of all premises to ensure segregation and delivery of waste in house gullies Vendors, hawkers to maintain saaf aangan, segregate waste and deliver to MCGM agencies
• Pet owner responsible to clean litter by pet
• Every private property to maintain authorized waste receptacle
• Fine For Owner Occupier Of single premises Rs. 200/-.
• Fine For spitting Rs. 200/-
• Fine For urinating Rs. 200/-.
• Fine For Defecating Rs. 100/-.
• Fine For nuisance Rs. 100 to Rs.200/-.
• Fine For Non-Segregating Bio-degradable waste Rs. 100/-
• Fine for Non-segregation of Hazardous Waste   Rs. 1000/- individual generator  & Rs. 10000/- Bulk Generator
• Fine for Non-Segregating Bio-medical waste Rs. 20000/-
• Fine for Non-Segregating Garden's waste Rs. 100/-
• Fine of Rs. 500/- for litter by pet
• Fine of Rs. 500/- for feeding birds & animals
• If a person is unable to pay the fine, he/she will have to do community service like sweeping or graffiti cleaning for at least one hour.

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• Three Indian cities -- national capital New Delhi, financial capital Mumbai and south Indian metropolis Chennai -- are among the 10 worst cities in the world to be working in,
• Business Week quoted ORC Worldwide as saying in a recent survey that while Mumbai is the 5th worst city in the world to be working in, New Delhi, which is to host 2010 Commonwealth Games, follows at number six and Chennai is at the 10th spot
• The survey cited problems with Mumbai as pollution, disease and sanitation
• In New Delhi, the problems included pollution, disease and sanitation
• Mumbai, India
  Problems: Pollution, disease & sanitation, infrastructure, political violence & repression, climate, medical facilities.
• New Delhi, India
  Problems: Pollution, disease & sanitation, infrastructure, climate
• Chennai, India
  Problems: Climate, pollution, disease & sanitation, medical facilities, education facilities, infrastructure, physical remoteness

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• The sewage would include waste water from sinks, baths and even toilets

  

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• The BMC's aim is to have less untreated water released into the ground.
• sewage is piped to a plant, where it is treated and flushed into the sea.
• We dredge the sewage out of these tanks, but only 20% of it ends up getting treated. Most of it gets discharged into drains, polluting the groundwater,''
• Mumbai Sewerage Disposal Project
• 2006 UN report on marine environment had said that Mumbai's sewage treatment capacity stood at just 15%. Except for a few urban areas, sewage treatment fatalities were inadequate

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• The Australian Government has long recognized the importance  of clean water and sanitation as a cornerstone for development
• The Water and Sanitation Project (South Asia) to help institutional reform  and collaboration in South Asia .
• The Bangalore Water Supply and Sanitation  Project to help prepare a water supply and environmental sanitation master plan  for the city's 6 million inhabitants.
• The Kiritamati Water Supply and  Sanitation Project to give support to civil works that extract and deliver water  from underground sources and to construct composting toilets that help reduce  contamination of groundwater supplies from septic tanks and pit latrines

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• Analysis of sanitation coverage data from various sources

   

  shows that despite the acceleration of coverage under the

   

  Eighth Plan, only between 18 to 19 per cent of all rural

   

  households have a toilet
• However, there has been

   

  increase in coverage, from around 10 per cent in 1990.
• At the same time, between 75 to 81 per cent of all urban

     

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  households in India have toilets, an increase from the

   

  1990 figures of around 64 per cent.
• Since the beginning of the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85)

     

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  and the launch of the International Drinking Water

   

  Supply and Sanitation Decade, India has substantially

   

  increased its commitment to the water supply and

   

  sanitation sector
• Water supply and sanitation were added to the national

   

  agenda during the first five-year planning period (1951-

   

  1956)
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) approach of the

   

  Restructured Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation

   

  Programme (RCRSP – w.e.f.1.4.1999)
• only between 18 to 19

   

  per cent of all rural households have a toilet
• about 60 per cent is generated

   

  in the four mega cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and

   

  Chennai)
• At the same time, between 75 to 81 per cent of all urban

   

  households in India have toilets, an increase from the

   

  1990 figures of around 64 per cent
• Of the total wastewater generated in the

   

  four metros, barely 30 per cent is treated before disposal.

   

  Thus, the untreated and partially treated wastewater

   

  eventually finds its way into freshwater resources such as

   

  rivers, lakes, and groundwater
• For example, the

   

  population of Mumbai grew from around 8.2 million in

   

  1981 to 12.3 million in 1991, registering a growth of

   

  around 49 per cent. On the other hand, MSW generated

   

  in the city increased from 3,200 tonnes per day to 5,355

   

  tonnes per day in the same period registering a growth of

   

  around 67 per cent.
• This trend can be ascribed to

   

  changing lifestyles, food habits, and change in living

   

  standards
• The limited revenues earmarked for the

   

  municipalities make them ill equipped to provide for high

   

  costs involved in the collection, storage, treatment, and

   

  proper disposal of MSW. As a result, a substantial part of

   

  the MSW generated remains unattended and grows in the

   

  heaps at poorly maintained collection centres and landfill

   

  sites. The poorly maintained landfill sites are prone to

   

  groundwater contamination because of leachate

   

  production. Open dumping of garbage facilitates the

   

  breeding for disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes,

   

  cockroaches, rats, and other pests.
• The coverage in terms of organised sewerage systems

   

  ranged from 35 per cent in class IV cities, to 75 per cent

   

  in class I cities
• Studies conducted by the CPCB during

   

  1994-95 showed that the total wastewater generated in

   

  300 class I cities is around 15,800 million litres a day

   

  (MLD), while the treatment capacity is hardly 3,750
• The TSC

   

  also provides assistance for construction of individual

   

  household toilets, sanitary complexes for women, school

   

  sanitation, construction of drains and garbage pits and

   

  alternative delivery systems such as rural sanitary marts.
• So far, under the TSC, 0.74 million household

   

  toilets, 542 sanitary complexes for women, 14,003 toilets

   

  for schools, 817 anganwadis/balwadies, and 85 rural

   

  sanitary marts/production centres have been set up
• School sanitation facilities have a major effect on the

   

  enrolment and attendance of teenage girls

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• In 1993 the Indian constitution and relevant state legislations were amended in order to decentralize certain responsibilities, including water supply and sanitation, to municipalities. Since the assignment of responsibilities to municipalities is a state responsibility, different states have followed different approaches.
• In 1986, the first structured programme for rural sanitation, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, but it had minimal community participation. In 1999, the scheme was restructured. It was made more demand-driven and people-centered under the name Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) or Community-led total sanitation (see above).
• The World Bank finances a number of projects in urban and rural areas that are either dedicated fully to water supply and sanitation, or have water supply and sanitation components
• in Bombay (Mumbai) between 1973 and 1990. It concluded that water supply and sewerage planning, construction and operations in Bombay posed daunting challenges to those who planned and implemented the investment program

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• When the space does not allow the construction of latrines for individual households, or even sufficient number of communal ones, the slum dwellers are forced to use the outdoors - the roadsides or railway tracks - as their bathroom
• Fecal matter lying around and overflowing drains crisscrossing the slums become happy breeding grounds for all sorts of diseases
• Most villages being bereft of piped water, people have to depend on river and ponds, or springs and wells open to the air and subject to contamination
• Lack of funds and also the lack of education about sanitation issues make the villagers use the outdoors as toilet leading to contamination of the environment.
• . In fact, the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste materials, particularly human excrement, is a science that has had a long history in India
• Many of us would find it difficult to believe, that the earliest covered sewers uncovered by archeologists are in the regularly planned cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
• In the year 2500 BC, the people of Harappa in India had water borne toilets in each house that were linked with drains covered with burnt clay bricks
• The ancient inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization understood this, but somehow the denizens of the modern India don't
• Having proper toilet facilities and keeping the sewers properly sealed- that is the only way by which the scourge of diseases such as cholera can be controlled
• In western countries because of advanced water and sanitation systems, cholera is not a major threat. Simple sanitation procedures if followed are usually sufficient to stop an epidemic
• In general, education and sanitation are the limiting factors in prevention of most epidemics.In many slums, a cesspit is used for refuse or sewage
• Public health may also depend on how the sewage water is disposed. If the sewage flows directly into the rivers or ponds, then severe pollution is going to be the result

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• Bombay generates 5,500 metric tons of organic and inorganic waste daily
• the  BMC, which spends approximately Rs. 135 crores a year for garbage collection and disposal
• BMC employees and contractors lift the garbage and deposit it in the four dumping grounds at Deonar, Malad, Gorai and Mulund
• The capacity of these landfills will expire around the year 2010
• BMC employs about 20,000 workers for solid waste management. Each worker is paid Rs. 3,200 per month, around Rs. 3,000 travel allowance, and up to Rs. 1.25 lakhs in housing loans with minimal interest
• skin disease and gastrointestinal tract infections were so commonplace as to be beyond comment.
• An Indian firm, AIC Watson, is performing the topographical survey for an assessment of the water level and conditions of manholes in the city. A German form, GKW, is preparing a detailed report on the structural condition of the city's sewerage pipeline. A Canadian firm, R. V. Anderson and Co, is conducting a survey of the operation and maintenance of the entire sewerage disposal system, including the human component such as information systems, staff etc.
• It has been estimated that Bombay requires about 50,000 public toilets. Only about 200 are in operation
• It is estimated that the cost of constructing each toilet will be between Rs. 5 and 12 lakhs.

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• Mumbai, which produces the most garbage in the state—6,000 tonnes to 7,000 tonnes per day—has only four dumping grounds
• .One of these four sites was closed because local experts complained it was a health hazards. Another site, in Gorai, is also in danger of being closed because of local protests
• The corporation was “really perplexed’’ about how to deal with increasing garbage problem
• He added that the corporation

  

  had been trying for four years to set up three plants to generate energy from waste, but these had still to get off the ground
• The Municipal Solid Waste (Management)
• Another is coming up in December, when all municipalities are supposed to comply with requirements like household collection of garbage, promoting the segregation of waste and providing sanitary landfill
• All India Institute of Local Self Government
• municipal solid-waste management
• Low awareness, the high cost

  

  of solution technologies and a lack of resources are the main problems, he said
• Maharashtra generates half of the country’s hazardous waste, around 21 lakh tonnes a year. Such waste is either dumped illegally or inadequately treated, causing environmental pollution and health hazards
• Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

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• 2.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation
• Millennium Development Goal sanitation

   

  target, to halve by 2015 the proportion of people living

   

  without access to sanitation,
• Every day, at least 5,000 children under the

   

  age of five die due to diarrhoea, a disease directly

   

  related to poor sanitation. Lack of adequate sanitation

   

  in schools is a critical barrier to school attendance,

   

  particularly for girls.
• Sanitation in human rights terms is the entitlement of everyone to the safe collection, transport, treatment,

   

  disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater for personal and domestic uses, with associated

   

  hygiene promotion
• Safe: Sanitation must effectively prevent human, animal and insect contact with excreta. Toilets

     

  (including latrines) must provide privacy and a safe and dignified environment for all. Water must be

   

  available for good personal hygiene, and facilities for safe wastewater disposal must be in place
• Physically accessible:Toilets must be within, or in the immediate vicinity of, each household, educational

     

  institution or workplace and available for use at all times of the day or night, along with associated

   

  services such as removal of wastewater and sewerage or latrine exhaustion. Appropriate facilities for use

   

  by children, disabled and elderly persons must also be available. In order to prevent disease, toilets must

   

  be available for and used by all persons in a particular locality
• Affordable: Access to sanitation, including maintenance, must be affordable, without reducing the

     

  individuals or household's capacity to acquire other essential goods and services, such as food, education

   

  and health
• Culturally sensitive: The construction and design of latrines should be culturally appropriate. Male and

     

  female public facilities, in particular in schools, need to be separate so as to ensure privacy, dignity and

   

  safety
• Governments have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right, using the maximum of available

   

  resources to progressively realise the right
• Protect: Governments are obliged to ensure that private individuals or groups do not prevent anyone from

     

  accessing safe sanitation, for example by charging excessively for use of toilets
• In December 2007 at the 1st Asia-Pacific Water

   

  Summit, 37 countries from the region endorsed the

   

  "Message from Beppu", which recognises "the people's

   

  right to safe drinking water and basic sanitation as a

   

  basic human right"
• On request of the UN Human Rights Council, the UN

   

  High Commissioner for Human Rights prepared a

   

  report on the scope and content of the relevant

   

  human rights obligations related to drinking water and

   

  sanitation. The report concluded that, "it is now time

   

  to consider access to safe drinking water and sanitation

   

  as a human right"
• The UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution

   

  in March 2008 emphasising that international human

   

  rights law, including the ICESCR, CEDAW and CRC

   

  entail obligations in relation to access to sanitation

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• this initiative that is envisioned to reduce significantly the incidence of public nuisances like spitting and littering in Mumbai
• the serious problem Mumbai faces in terms of public hygiene
• Every public space is splattered with paan stains and litter on the streets besides the odd pile of debris and garbage
• Mumbai produces nearly 6500 Tons of garbage per day.
• a provision to fine citizens who engage in spitting, littering and other nuisances in public spaces
• At the same time, by February 2008, 20,000 more dustbins of a better design will be installed in the city
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  Thus, the campaign encompasses:

       

  provision of additional facilities for cleanliness           education and awareness generation           enforcement of bye-laws by fining offenders with the help of Clean-up Marshals

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• Mumbai, the financial capital of India, produces on an average, 6,000 Tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) per day
• Presently there are three dumping grounds in Mumbai, viz Deonar, Mulund and Gorai.
• Deonar: The largest and the oldest dumping ground of Mumbai operating since 1927.      The Site is situated in the Eastern suburbs of the City
• Presently, the site receives 4,000 TonslDay of waste generated from the Eastern suburbs of Mumbai Wards
• Mulund: Situated in the Eastern Suburbs of the City, in an area of about 25 Ha along the Thane creek and operating since 1968.  Presently, the site receives around 600 TonslDay of MSW from the City and Eastern Suburbs of Mumbai- Wards
• Gorai: Operating since 1972, itis oneofthe smallest dumpsite of Mumbai.  Presently, the site receives 1,200 Tons Iday of MSW from the Western suburbs of Murnbai Wards
• Kanjur: Situated in the Eastern Suburbs of the City, in an area of about 141 Ha along the Thane creek, Kanjur is a proposed site for MSW Processing and Disposal for future

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