Ivan Munoz's List: Annotatedbibliography

• immune dysfunction theory

• frequently experience high levels of stress.
• Recognizing and preparing
• challenges
• tremendous difference to all involved,
• uniqueness of each individua
• living with autism different
• there are
• consistent themes or issues
• most families will want to be aware of

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• 2000 White House Education Press Releases and Statements
• CHILDREN'S HEALTH ACT OF 2000
• October 17, 2000
• Children's Health Act of 2000.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),
• The Clinton-Gore Administration has made unprecedented strides in improving the quality and access of children's health care by: enacting the largest single investment in children's health care since 1965
• increasing access to care to more than 2.5 million previously uninsured children.
• nearly
• ever on
• currently supports the highest levels of research
• the National Institute of Health (NIH)
• all types of disease and health conditions,
• making breakthroughs possible in vaccine development and the treatment of chronic and acute disease.
• The Children's Health Act of 2000 expands, intensifies, and coordinates research, prevention, and treatment activities for diseases and conditions having a disproportionate or significant impact on children, including autism, diabetes, asthma, hearing loss, epilepsy, traumatic brain injuries, infant mortality, lead poisoning, and oral health.
• Special focus on autism research. The legislation authorizes Centers of Excellence at both NIH and the Centers for Disease Control to promote research on the cause, diagnosis, early detection, prevention, control, and treatment of autism.
• Training of Physicians Who Care for Children. The legislation also extends the authorization of funds through 2005 to reimburse freestanding children's hospitals that train health professionals -- a priority of this Administration.
• Research on child development and the environment. This bill authorizes new research provisions, which will increase our understanding of children's health, including a long-term development study on environmental influences on children's health and a loan repayment program at NIH for health professionals conducting pediatric research.
• Authorizing Healthy Start for the first time. Finally, this bill takes the long overdue step of authorizing the Healthy Start demonstration program, which is designed to reduce the rate of infant mortality and improve birth outcomes in targeted communities by expanding access to health care services for pregnant women and infants in targeted communities.
• The President's Child Care initiative,
• included investments to help make child care more affordable for working parents, improve its quality, and strengthen enforcement of state health and safety standards.
• supports his Child Care initiative
• their children are receiving child care that protects their safety and health.
• The Children's Day Care Health and Safety Act, a component of the Children's Health Act, will provide grants to states to improve the safety and health of child care by: training and educating child care providers on preventing injuries and illnesses; improving state health and safety standards; improving enforcement of standards, including increased unannounced inspections; renovating child care facilities to meet health and safety standards; enhancing child care providers' ability to serve children with disabilities; and conducting criminal background checks on child care providers.
• inform the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) of: any death that occurs when it is reasonable to assume that the death was caused by the use of restraints or seclusion; deaths that occur while a patient is restrained or in seclusion; and deaths that occur within 24 hours after a patient is restrained.
• Failure to comply
• will disqualify these facilities from participation in any program supported in whole or in part by the Public Health Service Act.
• new reporting and enforcement requirements
• build
• HHS last year
• provide critical new protections to individuals with mental illness receiving care in all hospitals participating in the Medicare program.
• released by
• on regulations
• reauthorization of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration will improve mental health and substance abuse services for Americans of all ages by ensuring the continuation of grants that promote research on mental health issues; training grants to educate providers about the best ways to serve those in need; funds to support communities in need of additional services; and system change grants to support family and consumer networks in states
• includes critical provisions
• that will help
• curb drug and alcohol use, especially among our nations's youth.
• comprehensive approach to addressing illegal drug abuse, beginning with the reauthorization of the Substance Abuse Block Grant, as well as the authorization of several grant programs targeted to youth drug treatment and early intervention.
• more flexibility in the use
• block grant funds
• in exchange for accountability based on performance.
• help to combat the use and spread of the dangerous emerging drugs of methamphetamine and Ecstasy by providing important new support for law enforcement.
• training on clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, additional resources for High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas, and strengthened punishment for meth lab operators, and amphetamine and Ecstasy traffickers.
• includes investigative
• creates a Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Treatment Initiative at the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, provides for additional research to treat addiction to these dangerous drugs, and establishes prevention grants to teach children about the dangers of meth, Ecstasy, and inhalants.
• as well as overall efforts to reduce drug a
• buse, including the Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, and the historic expansion of drug courts that have been shown to reduce future drug use and recidivism.
• build on the Administration's National Methamphetamine Strategy
• The SS/HS Initiative is an unprecedented effort to give students, schools and communities comprehensive educational, mental health, social service, and law enforcement services.
• provides additional funding for the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative.
• Enacted single largest investment in children's health care since 1965 with the State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP) -- providing meaningful health care coverage to 2.5 million previously uninsured children.
• • Enacted legislation to help young people leaving foster care remain eligible for Medicaid up to age 21, thus maintaining health care coverage.
• Enacted legislation to extend the availability of the $500 million fund for children's health outreach for states to use towards the costs of simplifying their eligibility systems and conducting enrollment outreach.
• Issued regulation requiring drug companies to provide adequate testing to ensure that prescription drugs safely satisfy the unique needs of children.
• Launched new effort to increase childhood immunizations, resulting in all-time high rates with 90 percent or more of America's toddlers receiving critical vaccines by age 2, nearly eliminating racial and ethnic disparities.

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• A recent study of a U.S. metropolitan area estimated that 3.4 of every 1,000 children 3-10 years old had autism.
• deficits in 1) social interaction, 2) verbal and nonverbal communication, and 3) repetitive behaviors or interests.
• they will often have unusual responses to sensory experiences, such as certain sounds or the way objects look.
• Each child will display communication, social, and behavioral patterns that are individual but fit into the overall diagnosis of ASD.
• do not follow the typical patterns of child development.
• problems in communication and social skills
• Oftentimes between 12 and 36 months old, the differences in the way they react to people and other unusual behaviors become apparent.
• Some parents report the change as being sudden, and that their children start to reject people, act strangely, and lose language and social skills they had previously acquired. In other cases, there is a plateau, or leveling, of progress so that the difference between the child with autism and other children the same age becomes more noticeable.

• Possible Indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorders

  • Does not babble, point, or make meaningful gestures by 1 year of age
  • Does not speak one word by 16 months
  • Does not combine two words by 2 years
  • Does not respond to name
  • Loses language or social skills

  Some Other Indicators

  • Poor eye contact
  • Doesn't seem to know how to play with toys
  • Excessively lines up toys or other objects
  • Is attached to one particular toy or object
  • Doesn't smile
  • At times seems to be hearing impaired
• tremendous difficulty learning to engage in the give-and-take of everyday human interaction.
• Even in the first few months of life, many do not interact and they avoid eye contact.
• They seem indifferent to other people, and often seem to prefer being alone.
• They may resist attention or passively accept hugs and cuddling. Later, they seldom seek comfort or respond to parents' displays of anger or affection in a typical way.
• To parents, it may seem as if their child is not attached at all.
• attached to their parents, their expression of this attachment is unusual and difficult to “read.”
• cuddling, teaching, and playing
• lack of the expected and typical attachment behavior.
• slower in learning to interpret what others are thinking and feeling.
• Subtle social cues
• may have little meaning.
• Without the ability to interpret gestures and facial expressions,
• difficulty seeing things from another person's perspective.
• unable to predict or understand other people's actions.
• lack such understanding.
• difficulty regulating their emotions.
• common
• verbal outbursts
• “immature” behavior
• crying in class
• , making social relationships still more difficult.
• tendency
• might
• disruptive and physically aggressive at times
• to “lose control,” particularly when they're in a strange or overwhelming environment, or when angry and frustrated.
• may at times break things, attack others, or hurt themselves. In their frustration, some bang their heads, pull their hair, or bite their arms.
• remain mute throughout their lives
• coo and babble during the first few months of life, but they soon stop
• Others may be delayed, developing language as late as age 5 to 9.
• Those who do speak often use language in unusual ways.
• They seem unable to combine words into meaningful sentences. Some speak only single words, while others repeat the same phrase over and over.
• echolalia.
• Some children only mildly affected may exhibit slight delays in language, or even seem to have precocious language and unusually large vocabularies, but have great difficulty in sustaining a conversation.
• The “give and take” of normal conversation is hard for them, although they often carry on a monologue on a favorite subject, giving no one else an opportunity to comment.
• inability to understand body language, tone of voice, or “phrases of speech.”
• hard to understand what ASD children are saying, their body language is also difficult to understand.
• Facial expressions, movements, and gestures rarely match what they are saying.
• Also, their tone of voice fails to reflect their feelings.
• Some children with relatively good language skills speak like little adults, failing to pick up on the “kid-speak” that is common in their peers.
• Without meaningful gestures or the language to ask for things, people with ASD are at a loss to let others know what they need.
• they may simply scream or grab what they want. Until they are taught better ways to express their needs, ASD children do whatever they can to get through to others.
• As people with ASD grow up, they can become increasingly aware of their difficulties in understanding others and in being understood. As a result they may become anxious or depressed.
• odd repetitive motions
• These behaviors might be extreme and highly apparent or more subtle.
• ASD children need, and demand, absolute consistency in their environment. A slight change in any routine
• can be extremely disturbing.
• Repetitive behavior sometimes takes the form of a persistent, intense preoccupation.
• Often there is great interest in numbers, symbols, or science topics.
• highly attuned or even painfully sensitive to certain sounds, textures, tastes, and smells.
• Some sounds
• will cause these children to cover their ears and scream.
• Some ASD children are oblivious to extreme cold or pain.
• may fall and break an arm, yet never cry.
• Another may bash his head against a wall and not wince, but a light touch may make the child scream with alarm.
• some degree of mental impairment.
• some areas of ability may be normal, while others may be especially weak.
• One in four children with ASD develops seizures, often starting either in early childhood or adolescence.
• One in four children with ASD develops seizures, often starting either in early childhood or adolescence.
• Seizures
• can produce a temporary loss of consciousness (a “blackout”), a body convulsion, unusual movements, or staring spells.
• Fragile X syndrome.
• most common inherited form of mental retardation.
• Fragile X syndrome affects about two to five percent of people with ASD.
• For an unknown reason, if a child with ASD also has Fragile X, there is a one-in-two chance that boys born to the same parents will have the syndrome.
• A father with the altered gene for Fragile X on his X chromosome will only pass that gene on to his daughters. He passes a Y chromosome on to his sons, which doesn't transmit the condition. Therefore, if the father has the altered gene on his X chromosome, but the mother's X chromosomes are normal, all of the couple's daughters would have the altered gene for Fragile X, while none of their sons would have the mutated gene. Because mothers pass on only X chromosomes to their children, if the mother has the altered gene for Fragile X, she can pass that gene to either her sons or her daughters. If the mother has the mutated gene on one X chromosome and has one normal X chromosome, and the father has no genetic mutations, all the children have a 50-50 chance of inheriting the mutated gene.
• The odds noted here apply to each child the parents have ⁷ in terms of prevalence, the latest statistics are consistent in showing that 5% of people with autism are affected by fragile X and 10% to 15% of those with fragile X show autistic traits.
• Tuberous sclerosis
• One to 4 percent of people with ASD also have tuberous sclerosis.⁸
• It has a consistently strong association with ASD.
• This page last review

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• What has FDA done to address the issue of mercury containing preservatives in vaccines?
• no evidence of harm from the use of thimerosal as a vaccine preservative, other than local hypersensitivity reactions.
• In 2004, the IOM's Immunization Safety Review Committee again examined the hypothesis that vaccines, specifically the MMR vaccines and thimerosal containing vaccines, are causally associated with autism.
• FDA is continuing its efforts toward reducing or removing thimerosal from all existing vaccines. Much progress has been made to date.

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