Joan Erickson's List: etap687 module 4 readings and findings

• the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given  year divided by the average (or mid-year) population
• Using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences  in living standards on the whole between nations because PPP takes into account  the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather  than using just exchange rates which may distort the real differences in income

• 2. Peter bought 70 items, and Sue bought 90 items. Each item costs the same, and  the items cost
  $800 altogether. How much did Sue pay?

• • Grade 4: Number, Geometric Shapes and Measures, Data Display
• • Grade 8:  Number, Algebra, Geometry, Data and Chance
• cognitive

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• • Content which overlaps  with that taught at other levels in the same subject or with what is taught in  other subjects;
• content reduction for curriculum was implemented from the year 2001.  This  stage involves change in teaching methodologies, learning approaches and  assessment modes

• Kingsfield really means something in his students' lives, but he still doesn't  know their names. For him, the class is only a group of people, simply names on  a paper
• it is not the relationships that one forms in law school, but rather, the  knowledge one attains, which are critical

• definition is that grade patterns change so that the overwhelming majority of  students in a class, college, or university receive higher grades for the same  quantity and quality of work done by students in the past
• corollary to this definition is the same GPA obtained by students with poorer  academic skill
• less well known version of grade inflation is "content deflation" where students  receive the same grades as students in the past but with less work required and  less learning
• Poor grades exposed male students to the military draft
• colleges and universities mandate frequent student evaluations of faculty
• These same evaluations play an increasingly important role in tenure and  promotion decisions
• Factors such as student effort, student persistence, student improvement, and  class attendance count in favor of the students who possess these desirable  characteristics
• faculty member who believes that grades are a vehicle to please students rather  than to recognize and reward performance will tend to give higher grades
• Similarly a professor less willing to distinguish superior work from good or  average work will tend to impart an upward bias to grades
• large number of non-traditional students, and a large number of working  students all tempt professors to lower their expectations by reducing the number  of textbooks
• current trend for classroom assessment by external authorities as an attempt to  obtain again meaningful feedback on the quality of student performance.
• use of just five categories of grades (A-F) has, in the minds of some,  contributed to overall grade inflation

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• took a rare stance against grade inflation in 2004, and publicly announced a  policy designed to curb it. The policy states that A's should account for less  than 35 percent of the grades for undergraduate courses and less than 55 percent  of grades for junior and senior independent work
• To date, the administration has not taken steps to strictly enforce these  guidelines, instead opting to rely on departments to apply them
• nearly constant in the Natural Science departments, which were typically at or  near the 35% guideline
• 2.27.
• 2.55
• 3.48
• 90% A's
• reputation for rigorous grading policies in some science and engineering classes
• no more than 17% of the students in any given class may be awarded A grades, and  that the class GPA should be in the range of 2.7 to 2.9 out of a maximum of 4.0  grade poi
• GPA at University of Chicago increased from 2.50 in 1965 to 3.26 in 1999
• Ninety-five per cent scored at least grade C, having gained only 10 marks from  55. Pupils could score an A* with only 51 per cent of the marks

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• and particularly ancillary statistics

• Yet my teachers somehow made me believe that I could learn
• who is this child, and how can I nurture his or her gifts?
• James Baldwin
• spirituality is the eternal human yearning to be connected with something larger  than our own egos.
• A teacher has the power to compel students to spend many hours living in the  light, or the shadow, of the teacher's inner life. Are we doing enough to help  teachers-in-training understand their inner terrain in ways that will minimize  the shadow and maximize the light
• who this "James Baldwin" is

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• Rubrics are criterion-referenced, rather than norm-referenced
• This is more compatible with cooperative and collaborative learning environments  than competitive grading
• using rubrics for program assessment because you want to learn how well students  have met your standards.
• peers,
• Hand out the grading rubric with an assignment so students
• return the rubric with the grading on it.
• Have students self-assess their products using the grading rubric and hand in  the self-assessment with the product

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