influentului liberal din secolul al XIX-lea, François Guizot (1787-1874).
Guizot şi confraţii acestuia, „doctrinarii” au fost cei care au uzat de toată elocvenţa necesară pentru a demonstra că o bună guvernare nu poate exista decât în condiţii de sufragiu limitat. În viziunea acestora, adevăratul suveran nu este poporul, ci raţiunea. Astfel, problema votului trebuie pusă din perspectiva capacităţii, mai degrabă, decât din cea a dreptului. În secolul al XIX-lea, capacitatea reprezintă fie proprietate, fie educaţie, deci dreptul de a vota ar trebui acordat numai celor cu o educaţie adecvată sau cu proprietate îndestulătoare.
moderation theory.
The theory is composed of three causal mechanisms.[4] First, once radical political groups are organized as vote-seeking parties, electoral considerations prevail and these groups abandon revolutionary agendas in favor of vote-maximizing strategies. This expectation is based on the median voter theorem. A second mechanism concerns the vulnerability of radical political groups participating in electoral contest to state repression. The logic of political survival necessitates that these groups avoid openly confronting state elites. The final mechanism involves the effects of organizational resources on group behavior and suggests that the maintenance of electoral organization is prioritized over original political goals. Once radicals are organized as electoral parties, their original projects of revolutionizing the political system becomes unachievable simply because of the lack of organizational resources. While moderation of radicals is generally thought to be conducive to democratization, it can also hamper and even hinder democratic progress as radicals are co-opted into the ruling political system and lose their reformist characteristics.