Augix Guohua XU's List: Primatology

• 现年20岁的“咕噜”患有脱毛症，看上去就像一个人。

• An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology

• the squirrel protects its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Further study has shown that the squirrel's willingness to put itself at risk is directly proportional to how closely related it is to members of the local group. Therefore, if protecting the other squirrels in the immediate area will lead to the passing on of more of the squirrel’s own genes than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own

• Last March the German biotech company TeGenero began testing the drug TGN1412 on human volunteers. The result was one of the most disastrous clinical trials in history. Although TGN1412 is harmless to other primates at high doses, it sent the immune systems of six people into near-deadly overdrive, causing widespread inflammation and multiple-organ failure.
• Siglecs act as brakes, stopping the immune system from overreacting. Because human T cells don't have as many of these brakes, our cells are a hundred times more aggressive than those of chimps when faced with drugs like TGN1412, which work by triggering the immune system.

• is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology

• What are the three types of hormones and where in the cell do they act? 

   

   

   

  Solution for Problem 3 >>

   

   

   

  Steroids are large ring molecules that bind in the cell nucleus. Peptide  hormones bind to the cell surface, as do catecholamines.
• Steroids are large ring molecules that bind in the cell nucleus. Peptide  hormones bind to the cell surface, as do catecholamines.

• Endocrinology is the study of hormones, chemical messengers that target  organs and influence many processes, from growth to reproduction. Here we will  consider only those hormones that influence behavior.
• There are three basic types of hormones: steroids, small peptides, and  catecholamines.
• Examples of steroids are estrogens, which  includes estradiol (commonly called estrogen) and progesterone; androgens, which  include testosterone and dehydroxytestosterone (DHT); and corticosteroids, such  as cortisone. Small peptides bind to the cell surface and include some hormones  and neurotransmitters that perform analogous functions. Important peptide  hormones are endorphines, which includes natural forms of morphine; oxytocin and  prolactin which are involved in parental care, and vasopression, which is an  antidiuretic that causes urination after you drink. Catecholamines also bind to  the cell surface and include epinephrine (commonly called adrenaline) and  noradrendaline, which are involved in the "fight or flight" response caused by  extreme duress.

• Tamability of Foxes 

      
• While 90% of bird species  are monogamous, only 10-15% of mammals are monogamous.

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• Some primates (including some great apes and baboons) do not live primarily in trees, but all species possess adaptations for climbing trees. Locomotion techniques used include leaping from tree to tree, walking on two or four limbs, knuckle-walking, and swinging between branches of trees (known as brachiation).
• Primates have slower rates of development than other similarly sized mammals, and reach maturity later but have longer lifespans.
• Primates are characterized by their large brains, relative to other mammals, as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell, the dominant sensory system in most mammals.

  • 1. origins from arboreal life
    2. limbs and locomotion
    3. dentition
    4. brain and sense
    4. development

  • this define primates.
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• giving I:C:P:M

  • dental formula.

• [Jolly, 1970]proposed a seed-eating hypothesis in which he suggested that adaptations to a diet of seeds could explain many of the features associated with hominization. This adaptation was seen as evolving in a terrestrial primate occupying an open country environment.

  • The seed-eating hypothesis.
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• • All evolutionary phenomena can be explained in a way consistent with known genetic mechanisms and the observational evidence of naturalists.
   

• Summary of the modern synthesis

   

  The modern synthesis bridged the gap between experimental geneticists and naturalists, and between both and palaeontologists. It states that:^[3][4][5]
• Evolution is gradual: small genetic changes
• Natural selection is by far the main mechanism of change; even slight advantages are important when continued.
• Thinking in terms of populations, rather than individuals, is primary
• development is closely controlled by special genetic systems, and the hope that comparison of these systems will tell us much about the evolutionary history of different groups.

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• Tinbergen's four questions
• “Phylogeny” captures all evolutionary explanations other than function/adaptation
• natural selection may fail to achieve optimal design
• For instance, the vertebrate eye (including the human eye) has a blind spot, whereas octopus eyes do not

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