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South Africa :: Reconstruction, union, and segregation (1902-29) -- Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition
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The Union
of South Africa was born on May 31, 1910, created by a constitutional convention (in Durban in 1908) and an act
of the British Parliament (1909). -
Racial segregation was further
developed through policies proposed during reconstruction and solidified after 1910.Both Afrikaner and black nationalism utilized ne
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South Africa :: British occupation of the Cape -- Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition
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When Great Britain went to war with France in 1793, both countries
tried to capture the Cape so
as to control the important sea route to the East. The British occupied the Cape in 1795, ending
the Dutch East India Company's role in
the region. Although the British relinquished the colony to the Dutch in the Treaty of
Amiens (1802), they reannexed it in
1806 after the start
of the Napoleonic Wars. -
English
replaced Dutch as the language of administration; the British pound sterling replaced the Dutch rix-dollar; and newspaper
publishing began in Cape Town in 1824 - 2 more annotations...
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South Africa :: Settlement of the Cape Colony -- Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition
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The Dutch East India Company, always mindful of unnecessary expense, did not intend to establish more than a minimal presence at the southernmost part of Africa. Because farming beyond the shores of Table Bay proved necessary, however, nine men were released from their contracts
with the company and granted land along the Liesbeek River in 1657. The company made it clear that the Khoekhoe were not to be
enslaved, so, beginning in that same year, slaves arrived in the Cape from West and East Africa, India, and the Malay Peninsula. By the
end of the century, the imprint of Dutch colonialism in
South Africa was clear, with settlers, aided by increasing numbers of slaves, growing wheat, tending vineyards, and grazing their sheep and cattle from the Cape peninsula to the Hottentots
Holland Mountains some 30 miles (50
km) away. A 1707 census of the Dutch at the Cape listed 1,779
settlers owning 1,107 slaves. -
In the initial years of Dutch settlement at the Cape, pastoralists had readily traded with the Dutch. However, as the garrison's demand for cattle and sheep continued to increase, the Khoekhoe became more wary. The Dutch offered tobacco,
alcohol, and trinkets for livestock. Numerous conflicts followed, and,
beginning in 1713, many Khoekhoe communities were ravaged by smallpox. At the same time,
colonial pastoralists—the Boers, also called trekboers—began to move inland beyond the Hottentots
Holland Mountains with
their own herds
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EBSCOhost: Africa
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British government and the Afrikaners, of Dutch origin, who had been the first European settlers in the region.
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EBSCOhost: CIA - The World Factbook -- South Africa
The boer war, basic background on this war.
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Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of modern day South
Africa in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route
between the Netherlands and the East, founding the city of Cape
Town. After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806,
many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found
their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold
(1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the
subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British
encroachments but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902);
however, the British and the Afrikaners, as the Boers became
known, ruled together under the Union of South Africa. In 1948,
the National Party was voted into power and instituted a policy of
apartheid - the separate development of the races. The first
multi-racial elections in 1994 brought an end to apartheid and
ushered in black majority rule. -
Independence:
31 May 1910 (Union of South Africa formed from four British
colonies: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State);
31 May 1961 (republic declared) 27 April 1994 (majority rule)
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South Africa -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
de apartheid
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With that system, the government, controlled by the minority white population, enforced segregation between government-defined races in housing, education, and virtually all spheres of life, creating in effect three nations: one of whites (consisting of peoples primarily of British and Dutch [Boer] ancestry, who struggled for generations to gain political supremacy, a struggle that reached its violent apex with the South African War of 1899–1902); one of blacks (consisting of such peoples as the San hunter-gatherers of the northwestern desert, the Zulu herders of the eastern plateaus, and the Khoekhoe farmers of the southern Cape regions); and one of “Coloureds” (mixed-race people) and ethnic Asians (Indians, Malays, Filipinos, and Chinese).
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