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  • Is digoxin a drug of the past? — Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

    digoxin MOA diagram
    digoxin blocks sodium-pot atpase pump & thus prevents removal of sodium ions from cell . this low ECF sodium inturn stops sodium-calcium exchanger to remove calcium from cell.

    www.ccjm.org/...821.full.pdf+html - Preview

    pharmacology on 2009-11-09

  • AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR PATHWAYS

    • Endolymph is very similar to intracellular
      fluid: it is high in potassium and low in sodium. The ionic composition
      is necessary for vestibular and auditory hair cells to function
      optimally. The space between the membranous and bony labyrinths
      is filled with perilymph, which is very much like normal
      cerebral spinal fluid.
    • 27 more annotations...
  • Receptive field - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    • There are two types of bipolar cells: "on-center" and "off-center". An on-center cell is stimulated when the center of its receptive field is exposed to light, and is inhibited when the surround is exposed to light. Off-center cells have just the opposite reaction.
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  • Eye and Retina

    • retina, seven
      layers of alternating cells and processes which convert a light
      signal into a neural signal ("signal transduction").
      The actual photoreceptors are the rods and cones,
      but the cells that transmit to the brain are the ganglion cells.
      The axons of these ganglion cells make up the optic nerve
    • pupillary sphincter muscle constricts the pupil like a purse-string, and is under the control of the parasympathetic system. Therefore it is innervated by fibers from the oculomotor nerve which originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain.
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  • Eye, Brain, and Vision

    • Left:
      Four recordings from a typical on-

      center retinal ganglion cell. Each record is a

      single sweep of the oscilloscope, whose

      duration is 2.5 seconds. For a sweep this

      slow, the rising and falling phases of the

      impulse coalesce so that each spike appears

      as a vertical line. To the left the stimuli are

      shown. In the resting state at the top, there

      is no stimulus: firing is slow and more or

      less random. The lower three records show

      responses to a small (optimum size) spot, a

      large spot covering the receptive-field cen-

      ter and surround, and a ring covering the

      surround only. Right: Responses of an off-

      center retinal ganglion cell to the same set

      of stimuli shown at the left.
    • 2 more annotations...
  • Central Visual Pathways

    • ganglion cell axons leave the retina, they
      travel through the optic nerve
    • optic tract wraps around the cerebral
      peduncles of the midbrain to get to the lateral geniculate
      nucleus (LGN)
      . The LGN is really a part of the thalamus,
      and remember that nothing gets up to cortex without synapsing
      in thalamus first (if the cortex is the boss, the thalamus is
      an excellent secretary). Almost all of the optic tract axons,
      therefore, synapse in the LGN. The remaining few branch off to
      synapse in nuclei of the midbrain: the superior colliculi
      and the pretectal area.
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  • Basic visual pathway

    • lateral geniculate
      nucleus
      (LGN), where all the axons must synapse. From there,
      the LGN axons fan out through the deep white matter of the brain
      as the optic radiations, which will ultimately travel to
      primary visual cortex
    • The image projected onto your retina can be cut
      down the middle, with the fovea defining the center.
    • 9 more annotations...
  • A Practical Guide to Clinical Medicine

    • Damage to the nerves controlling these structures (Cranial Nerves
      3 and 7) can cause the upper or lower lids on one side to appear lower then
      the other.
    • eyes-muddy brown sclera
    • 33 more annotations...
  • Current therapies to shorten postoperative ileus — Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

    • (colonic ileus) is often seen in elderly hospitalized patients with multiple medical comorbidities. Of note, it often occurs
      after surgery to parts of the body other than the abdomen, such as after orthopedic procedures.
    • The small bowel normally resumes activity several hours after surgery, the stomach 24 to 48 hours after surgery, and the colon
      3 to 5 days after surgery.4 When postoperative ileus persists longer than this, it can be considered pathologic and is sometimes called paralytic ileus.4,5
    • 25 more annotations...
  • Conjunctivitis - February 15, 1998 - American Family Physician

    great briefing!

    www.aafp.org/...morrow.html - Preview

    ophthalmology conjunctivitis on 2009-10-27 and saved by 2 people

    • . Sebaceous cell
      carcinoma that is invading the conjunctiva and the superficial cornea
    • collagen vascular disease or the use of diuretics or
      antidepressant medications should alert the physician to the possibility of dry
      eyes.
    • 48 more annotations...
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