This link has been bookmarked by 1 people . It was first bookmarked on 13 May 2008, by joycemoyce Lee.
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13 May 08
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the vast majority of Africans south of the Sahara Desert lived in small groups and supported themselves through farming, cattle raising, or hunting
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ongoing movement of people, mostly from north to south, contributed to the rise and fall of larger kingdoms
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coasts were subject to faster changes
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trading cities of the east coast had long-standing trade ties and cultural conflict with Arabs and other peoples of the Indian Ocean
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west and south engaged with the Europeans searching for a shortcut to the Indian Ocean trade
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avaged many communities close to the coasts
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well into the 19th century that Europeans colonized Africa,
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cataclysmic changes
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independent nations of the late 20th century are still working to recover.
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6th century, the Songhai Empire had controlled the area around the Niger River in West Africa for 150 years
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trans-Saharan trade that ran north to the Mediterranean coasts of North Africa.
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Portuguese and the Omani kingdom of the southern Arabian peninsula fought for control over the great trading ports, especially Mombasa
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Dutch established Cape Town,
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first as a provisioning station for European ships traveling to Asia
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attracted many European settlers.
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Dutch and French Protestants,
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he Boers developed ideas about their racial and religious destiny that would have a tremendous impact on the peoples of the region.
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17th century also witnessed the increased trade in enslaved Africans as a source of labor for the growing plantation economies of the Americas
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devastated neighboring communities
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through border raids and wars of conquest that created civil strife in expanding areas surrounding such centers as the Kongo Empire and the rising states in West Africa
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18th century as many millions of Africans were enslaved and deported
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resurgence of Islam in West Africa.
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pious individuals and traders who converted royalty and other elite groups
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tariqas (brotherhoods)
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groups of devout Muslims who felt compelled to work toward creating and perfecting Muslim societies, often through jihad.
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As a result of jihad, Islam became the dominant religion of West Africa by the end of the 19th century.
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Atlantic slave trade—due to economic and political transformations in Europe—brought other changes to West Africa
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slackened at mid-century, both Europeans and Africans searched for new relations
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growing pressure from Europeans
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penetrate the continent in newly aggressive ways
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products for trade t
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fuel industrialization
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Europeans expanded their political and military authority at the expense of African rulers.
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Omanis once again achieved dominance over the east coast of Africa
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manipulated rivalries between the great port cities of the east coast and exerted control
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on the European-occupied islands of the Indian Ocean provided a growing demand for slave labor,
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coastal traders ranged into the interior to fill that demand.
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Said moved his capital from Arabia to Zanzibar
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Portuguese colony of Mozambique
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were also turned to ever greater slaving expeditions.
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British took Cape Colony from the Dutch
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and the Boers retreated further into the interior to escape British influence.
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brought Boers into further conflict with African communities.
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1880s and 1890s were part of the larger "scramble for Africa," as European governments rushed to claim African territory before other Europeans could
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Britain struggled for clear dominance in South Africa against the Boer republics.
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African subjects through taxes and labor policies,
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Christian missionaries in the west and south had operated schools, and as increasing numbers of Africans learned to read European languages and became more familiar with the ideas that Europeans espoused, they were able to organize political opposition to the colonial regimes and instill a sense of nationalism among their followers.
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Africans began to organize for independence
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liberation came about with relative ease
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Ghana, for example, the British government chose not to contest the political skill and popularity of Kwame Nkrumah, who was able to negotiate independence for the new nation-state in 1957.
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already involved in brutal military struggles in Algeria and Vietnam)
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withdrew gradually from West Africa by the mid-1960s
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Mau Mau Revolt of the 1950s, for example, was necessary before British East Africa could become Kenya
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where the descendants of the Boers came to call themselves Afrikaners to s
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National Party of South Africa took control of the government in 1948, it instituted a series of thousands of laws to segregate the population and rule with an unabashed ideology of racial supremac
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but it would be several decades before the majority of the population enjoyed any kind of liberation.
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Africans seeking freedom in the Portuguese colonies and in Southern Rhodesia
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fight bitter wars
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independent by 1975, more protracted struggles were in store for Angola as cold war rivalries overcame the region,
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United States supporting the goals of South Africa and the Soviet Union and Cuba assisting the Angolans
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by the Angolan Civil Wars, the two superpowers proved willing to provide arms and advice in any African conflict,
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the new national leaders had difficulty maintaining the commitment to democracy they often espoused at the outset.
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national economies
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designed to further European interests and had no industrial base to support a growing local population
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unable to fulfill the promises t
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new national leaders also had to seek aid from international source
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choose the banks of the United States and the West or support from the Soviet Union
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more authoritarian
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maintained themselves in power through one-party states
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governments fell to the military, institutions that were able to enforce order but had few goals for their countries beyond strengthening the military's hold over the government and national resources
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example of this kind of corruption is Nigeria
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uccession of military leaders siphoned off unbelievable oil revenues for 30 years while
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wealth in the country
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