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Allard StrijkerRDF is a directed, labeled graph data format for representing information in the Web. RDF is often used to represent, among other things, personal information, social networks, metadata about digital artifacts, as well as to provide a means of integration over disparate sources of information. This specification defines the syntax and semantics of the SPARQL query language for RDF.
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10 Nov 13
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RDF is a directed, labeled graph data format for representing information in the Web
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Query patterns generate an unordered collection of solutions
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These solutions are then treated as a sequence (a solution sequence), initially in no specific order; any sequence modifiers are then applied to create another sequence
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The
ORDER BYclause establishes the order of a solution sequence -
Following the
ORDER BYclause is a sequence of order comparators, composed of an expression and an optional order modifier (eitherASC()orDESC()) -
The "<" operator (see the Operator Mapping and 11.3.1 Operator Extensibility) defines the relative order of pairs of
numerics,simple literals,xsd:strings,xsd:booleansandxsd:dateTimes -
A plain literal is lower than an RDF literal with type
xsd:stringof the same lexical form -
The solution sequence can be transformed into one involving only a subset of the variables. For each solution in the sequence, a new solution is formed using a specified selection of the variables using the SELECT query form
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A solution sequence with no
DISTINCTorREDUCEDquery modifier will preserve duplicate solutions -
The
DISTINCTsolution modifier eliminates duplicate solutions -
duplicates are eliminated before either limit or offset is applied
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OFFSETcauses the solutions generated to start after the specified number of solutions. AnOFFSETof zero has no effect -
LIMITclause puts an upper bound on the number of solutions returned -
A
LIMITof 0 would cause no results to be returned. A limit may not be negative -
SPARQL has four query forms
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- SELECT
- Returns all, or a subset of, the variables bound in a query pattern match.
- CONSTRUCT
- Returns an RDF graph constructed by substituting variables in a set of triple templates.
- ASK
- Returns a boolean indicating whether a query pattern matches or not.
- DESCRIBE
- Returns an RDF graph that describes the resources found.
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The
CONSTRUCTquery form returns a single RDF graph specified by a graph template. The result is an RDF graph formed by taking each query solution in the solution sequence, substituting for the variables in the graph template, and combining the triples into a single RDF graph by set union -
The graph template can contain triples with no variables (known as ground or explicit triples)
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A template can create an RDF graph containing blank nodes. The blank node labels are scoped to the template for each solution
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Applications can use the
ASKform to test whether or not a query pattern has a solution. No information is returned about the possible query solutions, just whether or not a solution exists -
The
DESCRIBEform returns a single result RDF graph containing RDF data about resources.
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specification defines the remote protocol
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basic graph pattern
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each of the subject, predicate and object may be a variable
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the
SELECTclause -
WHEREclause -
Each solution gives one way in which the selected variables can be bound to RDF terms so that the query pattern matches the data
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The result set gives all the possible solutions
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This following query has no solution because
"cat"is not the same RDF literal as"cat"@en -
The
CONSTRUCTquery form returns an RDF graph
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FILTER regex(str(?mbox), "@work.example")
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Magnus Ksyntax and semantics of the SPARQL query language for RDF
semanticweb semantic rdf w3c reference sparql query recommendation
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