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  • "extreme" environments where mere survival is a constant struggle

  • Tundra temperatures can plunge to bone-chilling lows
  • Arctic fox may store food in tundra's permafrost, which freezes the food and keeps it available for winter when the ground is covered with snow
  • tundra receive very little rainfall
  • as little as 10 inches (25 centimeters) a year.

  • Plants in the cold, northern desert-like tundra—ground-hugging grasses, sedges, shrubs, moss, and lichens—have adapted by remaining small, resistant to wind, and able to grow in poor soil.
  • the very edge of survival in these lands of fire and ice.