Flow release lowers the viscosity of paint. This helps you achieve smoother coats. It also improves capillary action—the process whereby paint is drawn into the cracks and crevices of the model. Extender lowers the opacity of paint. It's essentially like adding more binder to the mix. More binder means less pigment by volume, and therefore more transparency. Retarder slows the drying time of paint.
Thinner is a flow release. Glaze Medium is primarily an extender, but has some qualities of flow release as well. Matte Medium and Gloss Medium are extenders that affect the sheen of the paint. Slow Dry is, as you might imagine, a retarder.
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