This link has been bookmarked by 47 people . It was first bookmarked on 03 Oct 2006, by Clay Burell.
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11 Mar 15
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ALLUSION: A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature, often without explicit identification. Allusions can originate in mythology, biblical references, historical events, legends, geography, or earlier literary works. Authors often use allusion to establish a tone, create an implied association, contrast two objects or people, make an unusual juxtaposition of references, or bring the reader into a world of experience outside the limitations of the story itself. Authors assume that the readers will recognize the original sources and relate their meaning to the new context. For instance, if a teacher were to refer to his class as a horde of Mongols, the students will have no idea if they are being praised or vilified unless they know what the Mongol horde was and what activities it participated in historically. This historical allusion assumes a certain level of education or awareness in the audience, so it should normally be taken as a compliment rather than an insult or an attempt at obscurity.
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22 Jul 13
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21 May 13
Kiara HI used this website to find the definition of the word "anaphora". It means the intentional repetition of words help create an artistic effect. Anaphora appears in the poem, The Famous, by Naomi Shihab Nye.
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05 Mar 13
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18 Feb 13
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The term loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning.
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usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative.
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05 Nov 12
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01 Oct 12
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ANAPHORA (Greek, "carried again," also called epanaphora):
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The intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect. For instance, Churchill declared, "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost shall be." The repetition of "We shall. . ." creates a rhetorical effect of solidarity and determination. A well-known example is the Beatitudes in the Bible, where nine statements in a row begin with "Blessed are." ("Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted.") Anaphora is the opposite of epistrophe, in which the poet or rhetorician repeats the concluding phrase over and over for effects. Often the two can be combined effectively as well. For instance, Saint Paul writes to the church at Corinth, "Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they the seed of Abraham? So am I. Are they the ministers of Christ? I am more." Here, artful use of anaphora and epistrophe combined help Paul make his point more emphatically. Both anaphora and epistrophe are examples of rhetorical schemes. They serve to lend weight and emphasis.
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21 Nov 11
Kathryn Andersonupdated recently and constantly. includes Freytag.
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09 Nov 11
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ARCHETYPE: An original model or pattern from which other later copies are made, especially a character, an action, or situation that seems to represent common patterns of human life. Often, archetypes include a symbol, a theme, a setting, or a character that some critics think have a common meaning in an entire culture, or even the entire human race. These images have particular emotional resonance and power. Archetypes recur in different times and places in myth, literature, folklore, fairy tales, dreams, artwork, and religious rituals. Using the comparative anthropological work of Sir James Frazer's The Golden Bough, the psychologist Carl Jung theorized that the archetype originates in the collective unconscious of mankind, i.e., the shared experiences of a race or culture, such as birth, death, love, family life, and struggles to survive and grow up. These would be expressed in the subconscious of an individual who would recreate them in myths, dreams, and literature. Examples of archetypes found cross-culturally include the following:
(1) Recurring symbolic situations (such as the orphaned prince or the lost chieftain's son raised ignorant of his heritage until he is rediscovered by his parents, or the damsel in distress rescued from a hideous monster by a handsome young man who later marries the girl. Also, the long journey, the difficult quest or search, the catalog of difficult tasks, the pursuit of revenge, the descent into the underworld, redemptive rituals, fertility rites, the great flood, the End of the World),
(2) Recurring themes (such as the Faustian bargain; pride preceding a fall; the inevitable nature of death, fate, or punishment; blindness; madness; taboos such as forbidden love, patricide, or incest),
(3) Recurring characters (such as witches or ugly crones who cannibalize children, lame blacksmiths of preternatural skill, womanizing Don Juans, the hunted man, the femme fatale, the snob, the social climber, the wise old man as mentor or teacher, star-crossed lovers; the caring mother-figure, the helpless little old lady, the stern father-figure, the guilt-ridden figure searching for redemption, the braggart, the young star-crossed lovers, the bully, the villain in black, the oracle or prophet, the mad scientist, the underdog who emerges victorious, the mourning widow or women in lamentation),
(4) Symbolic colors (green as a symbol for life, vegetation, or summer; blue as a symbol for water or tranquility; white or black as a symbol of purity; or red as a symbol of blood, fire, or passion) and so on.
(5) Recurring images (such as blood, water, pregnancy, ashes, cleanness, dirtiness, caverns, phallic symbols, yonic symbols, the ruined tower, the rose or lotus, the lion, the snake, the eagle, the hanged man, the dying god that rises again, the feast or banquet, the fall from a great height).
The study of these archetypes in literature is known as archetypal criticism or mythic criticism. Archetypes are also called universal symbols. Contrast with private symbol.
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- Celtic myths (such as the Welsh "Raid on Annwfn")
- The Mabinogion
- Legends of the Grail King and the Fisher King
- Historical documents about the battle at Mons Badis, General Arturius, and other sixth-century subjects some scholars claim are evidence of a historical basis for later legends
- Welsh/Latin annals attributed to the so-called "Nennius" (i.e., medieval Latin writings mistakenly attributed to this person in outdated scholarship)
- Oral legends transmitted by Breton conteurs in France between 1100-1175
- Pseudo-histories written by Geoffrey of Monmouth (circa 1136)
- French stories of courtly love in medieval romances (such as Tristram and Iseult, or Lancelot and Gwenevere)
- Religious allegories about the quest for the holy grail, such as the Queste du Sainte-Graal (c. 1210)
- Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival (c. 1205)
- Legends of King Mark of Cornwall, Tristan, and Iseult, such as the eleventh-century poems of Eilhart von Oberg and Thomas d'Angleterre, Beroul's The Romance of Tristan, the anonymous La folie Tristan de Berne, and Gottfried Von Strassburg's Tristan (c. 1205)
- Layamon's Brut (c. 1200)
- The anonymous Alliterative Morte Arthur and the Stanzaic Morte Arthur (c. 1360)
- The Pearl Poet's Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 1375)
- Chaucer's "The Wife of Bath's Tale" (c. 1385)
- Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur (1469)
- Spenser's Faerie Queene (1590-96)
- Scott's Bridal of Triermain (1813)
- Peacock's "The Misfortunes of Elphin" (1829)
- Morris's The Defense of Guinevere
- Tennyson's The Lady of Shalott (1832)
- Tennyson's Idylls of the King (1885)
- Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)
- Wagner's operas
- E. A. Robinson's Merlin, Lancelot, and Tristram (1915-25)
- T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone and The Once and Future King
- Marion Zimmer-Bradley's feminist/revisionist tales such as The Mists of Avalon
- A legion of popular films, cartoons, graphic novels, and works of fantasy literature.
ARTHURIAN: Related to the legends of King Arthur and his knights. A large body of ancient and recent literature is Arthurian in whole or part, including these examples:
See also courtly love, medieval romance, and chivalry.
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ARCHETYPE: An original model or pattern from which other later copies are made, especially a character, an action, or situation that seems to represent common patterns of human life. Often, archetypes include a symbol, a theme, a setting, or a character that some critics think have a common meaning in an entire culture, or even the entire human race. These images have particular emotional resonance and power. Archetypes recur in different times and places in myth, literature, folklore, fairy tales, dreams, artwork, and religious rituals. Using the comparative anthropological work of Sir James Frazer's The Golden Bough, the psychologist Carl Jung theorized that the archetype originates in the collective unconscious of mankind, i.e., the shared experiences of a race or culture, such as birth, death, love, family life, and struggles to survive and grow up.
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31 Jul 06
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22 Jul 06
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