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III. Two Processes of Attaining Hegemony: From Subaltern Group to Dominant Group in the State:(53) Chart
a) Eliminating or Subordinating Opposing Forces:
b) Winning Active or Passive Consent of Subaltern Allies:
Gramsci's summary of above two processes desribed how innovative forces took control of the Italian state during the Risorgimento: "these forces took power and united in the modern Italian State, in struggle against specific other forces and helped by specific auxiliaries or allies. In order to become a State, they had to subordinate or eliminate the former and win the active or passive assent of the latter. A study of how these innovatory forces developed, from subaltern groups to hegemonic and dominant group, must therefore seek out and identify the phases through which they acquired: 1. autonomy vis=a=vis the enemies they had to defeat, and 2. support from the groups which actively or passively assisted them; for this entire process was historically necessary before they could unite in the form of a State. It is precisely by these two yardsticks that the level of historical and political consciousness which the innovatory forces propgressively attained in the various phases can be measured...". (53).
Note: this implies that the process of attaining hegemony involves both attaining consent among allies and using force against enemies.
Note: it also implies that hegemony is a historical concept, it is a process, never fixed forever in time.
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