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30 Jan 22
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19 Aug 16
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Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research.
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The little we know about love does not transcend simple observation, and the little we write about it has been written better by poets
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Thoughtful men, and probably all women, have speculated on the nature of love
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From this intimate attachment of the child to the mother, multiple learned and generalized affectional responses are formed.
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theories about the fundamental nature of affection have evolved at the level of observation, intuition, and discerning guesswork, whether these have been proposed by psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, physicians, or psychoanalysts.
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Oddly enough, one of the few psychologists who took a position counter to modern psychological dogma was John B. Watson, who believed that love was an innate emotion elicited by cutaneous stimulation of the erogenous zones
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They have discovered the overwhelming importance of the breast and related this to the oral erotic tendencies developed at an age preceding their subjects' memories.
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a need for intimate physical contact, which is initially associated with the mother.
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As far as I know, there exists no direct experimental analysis of the relative importance of the stimulus variables determining the affectional or love responses in the neonatal and infant primate.
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By the time the human infant's motor responses can be precisely measured, the antecedent determining conditions cannot be defined, having been lost in a jumble and jungle of confounded variables.
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Many of these difficulties can be resolved by the use of the neonatal and infant macaque monkey as the subject for the analysis of basic affectional variables.
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60 of these animals from their mothers 6 to 12 hours after birth
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During the course of these studies we noticed that the laboratory raised babies showed strong attachment to the cloth pads (folded gauze diapers)
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We were impressed by the possibility that, above and beyond the bubbling fountain of breast or bottle, contact comfort might be a very important variable in the development of the infant's affection for the mother.
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At this point we decided to study the development of affectional responses of neonatal and infant monkeys to an artificial, inanimate mother, and so we built a surrogate mother which we hoped and believed would be a good surrogate mother
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Before beginning our initial experiment we also designed and constructed a second mother surrogate, a surrogate in which we deliberately built less than the maximal capability for contact comfort.
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One control group of neonatal monkeys was raised on a single wire mother, and a second control group was raised on a single cloth mother. There were no differences between these two groups in amount of milk ingested or in weight gain. The only difference between the two groups lay in the composition of the feces, the softer stools of the wire-mother infants suggesting psychosomatic involvement. The wire mother is biologically adequate but psychologically inept.
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The frightened or ailing child clings to its mother, not its father; and this selective responsiveness in times of distress, disturbance, or danger may be used as a measure of the strength of affectional bonds
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It is apparent that the cloth mother is highly preferred over the wire one,
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the infant consistently seeks the soft mother surrogate regardless of nursing condition.
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When these infants reached the age of 250 days, cubicles containing both a cloth mother and a wire mother were attached to their cages. There was no lactation in these mothers, for the monkeys were on a solid-food diet. The initial reaction of the monkeys to the alterations was one of extreme disturbance. All the infants screamed violently and made repeated attempts to escape the cage whenever the door was opened. They kept a maximum distance from the mother surrogates and exhibited a considerable amount of rocking and crouching behavior, indicative of emotionality.
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18 Feb 16
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mission as psychologists is to analyze all facets of human and animal behavior into their component variables. So far as love or affection is concerned, psychologists have failed in this mission
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origin and development of love or affection, but they seem to be unaware of its very existence.
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but the quotations cited, even by famous and normal people, have a
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mundane redundancy
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love from the child
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developmental point of view
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The initial love responses of the human being are those made by the infant to the mother or some mother surrogate. From this intimate attachment of the child to the mother, multiple learned and generalized affectional responses are formed.
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The position commonly held by psychologists and sociologists is quite clear: The basic motives are, for the most part, the primary drives -- particularly hunger, thirst, elimination, pain, and sex -- and all other motives, including love or affection, are derived or secondary drives. The mother is associated with the reduction of the primary drives -- particularly hunger, thirst, and pain -- and through learning, affection or love is derived.
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Contrariwise, human affection does not extinguish when the mother ceases to have intimate association with the drives in question. Instead, the affectional ties to the mother show a lifelong, unrelenting persistence and, even more surprising, widely expanding generality.
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John B. Watson,
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psychoanalysts have
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The infants clung to these pads and engaged
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Three years' experimentation before we started our studies on affection gave us experience with the neonatal monkey.
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surrogate mothe
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mothe
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surrogate mother
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second mother surrogate
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During the first 14 days of life the monkey's cage floor was covered with a heating pad wrapped in a folded gauze diaper, and thereafter the cage floor was bare.
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These data make it obvious that contact comfort is a variable of overwhelming importance in the development of affectional response, whereas lactation is a variable of negligible importance
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06 Aug 13
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09 Jan 13
Mario A Núñez"Address of the President at the sixty-sixth Annual Convention of the
American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C., August 31, 1958.
First published in American Psychologist, 13, 573-685." -
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22 Oct 07
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