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  • The Java^TM 2 Platform Standard Edition (J2SE^TM platform) is used for a wide variety of applications  from small applets on desktops to web services on large servers. In the J2SE  platform version 1.4.2 there were four garbage collectors from which to choose  but without an explicit choice by the user the serial garbage collector was  always chosen. In version 5.0 the choice of the collector is based on the class  of the machine on which the application is started.
  • This “smarter choice” of the garbage collector is generally better but is not  always the best. For the user who wants to make their own choice of garbage  collectors, this document will provide information on which to base that choice.  This will first include the general features of the garbage collections and  tuning options to take the best advantage of those features. The examples are  given in the context of the serial, stop-the-world collector. Then specific  features of the other collectors will be discussed along with factors that  should considered when choosing one of the other collectors.
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  • he uncommitted space is labeled "virtual" in this figure.
  • The throughput collector uses multiple threads to execute a minor collection
  • Turning on the throughput collector should just make the minor collection pauses shorte

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  • For example objects describing classes and methods are stored in the permanent generation
  • The permanent generation is special because it holds data needed by the virtual machine to describe objects that do not have an equivalence at the Java language level.
  • For most applications the permanent generation is not relevant to garbage collector performance. However, some applications dynamically generate and load many classes. For instance, some implementations of JSP^TM pages do this. If necessary, the maximum permanent generation size can be increased with MaxPermSize.

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  Serge Slipchenko

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  • To optimize for this scenario, memory is managed in generations, or memory pools holding objects of different ages. Garbage collection occurs in each generation when the generation fills up.
  • When the tenured generation needs to be collected there is a major collection that is often much slower because it involves all live objects.
  • The serial garbage collector is meant to be used by small applications. Its default parameters were designed to be effective for most small applications. The throughput garbage collector is meant to be used by large applications. The heap size parameters selected by ergonomics plus the features of the adaptive size policy are meant to provide good performance for server applications.
  • The command line argument -verbose:gc prints information at every collection.
  • The uncommitted space is labeled "virtual" in this figure.
  • Since collections occur when generations fill up, throughput is inversely proportional to the amount of memory available.
  • The throughput collector: this collector uses a parallel version of the young generation collector. It is used if the -XX:+UseParallelGC option is passed on the command line. The tenured generation collector is the same as the serial collector.
  • The concurrent low pause collector: this collector is used if the -Xincgc™ or -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC is passed on the command line. The concurrent collector is used to collect the tenured generation and does most of the collection concurrently with the execution of the application. The application is paused for short periods during the collection. A parallel version of the young generation copying collector is used with the concurrent collector.
  • Use the throughput collector when you want to improve the performance of your application with larger numbers of processors. In the serial collector garbage collection is done by one thread, and therefore garbage collection adds to the serial execution time of the application. The throughput collector uses multiple threads to execute a minor collection and so reduces the serial execution time of the application. A typical situation is one in which the application has a large number of threads allocating objects. In such an application it is often the case that a large young generation is needed.
  • The throughput collector is a generational collector similar to the serial collector but with multiple threads used to do the minor collection. The major collections are essentially the same as with the serial collector. By default on a host with N CPUs, the throughput collector uses N garbage collector threads in the minor collection.
  • The throughput collector can be enabled by using command line flag -XX:+UseParallelGC. The number of garbage collector threads can be controlled with the ParallelGCThreads command line option (-XX:ParallelGCThreads=<desired number>).

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  • 5.1 When to Use the Throughput Collector

     

    Use the throughput collector when you want to improve the performance of your application with larger numbers of processors.
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  • Efficient collection is made possible by focusing on the fact that a majority of objects "die young".
  • Use the concurrent low pause collector if your application would benefit from shorter garbage collector pauses and can afford to share processor resources with the garbage collector when the application is running. Typically applications which have a relatively large set of long-lived data (a large tenured generation), and run on machines with two or more processors tend to benefit from the use of this collector.
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  default heap xms xmx

  • -XX:MinHeapFreeRatio=

       

    40

       

    
     

        

    -XX:MaxHeapFreeRatio=

       

    70

        

    -Xms

       

    3670k

        

    -Xmx

       

    64m

  • Unless you have problems with pauses, try granting as much memory as possible to the virtual machine. The default size (64MB) is often too small.

     

    Setting -Xms and -Xmx to the same value increases predictability by removing the most important sizing decision from the virtual machine. On the other hand, the virtual machine can't compensate if you make a poor choice.

     

    Be sure to increase the memory as you increase the number of processors, since allocation can be parallelized.
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