This link has been bookmarked by 76 people . It was first bookmarked on 23 Jun 2006, by Santam Chakraborty.
-
13 Nov 09
-
27 Oct 09
-
12 Aug 09
-
overall purpose of the research
-
settle a controversy? show the validity of a new
technique? open up a new field of inquiry? - 2 more annotations...
-
-
agree with the author's rationale for studying the question in
this way? -
Were enough of the data presented so that you feel you can judge for
yourself how the experiment turned out?
-
-
-
09 Jun 09
-
06 May 09
-
04 May 09
-
30 Apr 09
-
23 Apr 09
-
19 Apr 09
-
19 Jan 09
-
27 Nov 08
-
16 Nov 08
-
03 Sep 08
-
07 May 08
-
03 May 08
-
12 Feb 08
-
25 Nov 07
-
02 Nov 07
-
21 Oct 07
-
16 Sep 07
-
06 Sep 07
-
21 Aug 07
-
20 Aug 07
-
19 Aug 07
-
16 Aug 07
-
15 Aug 07
-
19 Jun 07
-
Reading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a field. First of all, DON'T PANIC! If you approach it step by step, even an impossible-looking paper can be understood.
-
-
15 May 07
-
26 Apr 07
-
14 Apr 07
-
Reading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a field. First of all, DON'T PANIC! If you approach it step by step, even an impossible-looking paper can be understood.
-
-
09 Apr 07
-
06 Apr 07
-
02 Apr 07
-
Matti NarkiaHow to Read a Scientific Research Paper--\na four-step guide for students and for faculty\nAnn McNeal, School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst MA 01002\n\nReading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter of experience and skil
How-to Read Scientific Research Paper howto guide studying learn learning popular
-
01 Apr 07
craig hancockstion in this way? Methods: Were the measurements appropriate for the questions the researcher was approaching? Often, researchers need to use "indicators" because they can
reference learning education reading howto science research academic academia Article literature technical tips essays articles delicious
-
31 Mar 07
-
Quentin D'SouzaHow to Read a Scientific Research Paper-- a four-step guide for students and for faculty
-
-
Reading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a field. First of all, DON'T PANIC! If you approach it step by step, even an impossible-looking paper can be understood.
-
-
-
3. Comprehension, section by section. Try to deal with all the words
and phrases, -
How to Read a Scientific Research
Paper--a four-step guide - 6 more annotations...
-
-
1. Skimming. Skim the paper quickly, noting basics like headings,
figures and the like. This takes just a few minutes. You're not trying
to understand it yet, but just to get an overview. -
2. Vocabulary. Go through the paper word by word and line by
line, underlining or highlighting every word and phrase you don't
understand. Don't worry if there are a lot of underlinings; you're still
not trying to make sense of the article. -
In the Introduction, note how the context is set. What larger
question is this a part of? The author should summarize and comment on
previous research, and you should distinguish between previous research
and the actual current study. What is the hypothesis of the paper and the
ways this will be tested? -
Look up simple words and phrases.
-
Flag this phrase as belonging to one of the major concepts of the paper--it's
bigger than a vocabulary question. For example, a paper about diet and
cancer might refer to "risk reduction," which you would need to understand
in context and in some depth. -
Get an understanding from the context in which it is used.
-
-
-
-
Look up simple words and phrases. Often the question is simply vocabulary--what's
a lateral malleolus, or a christa, or the semilunar valve.
A medical or biological dictionary is a good place to look
for definitions. A textbook of physiology or anatomy may be a good
source, because it give more complete explanations. Your ordinary shelf
dictionary is not a good source, because the definitions may
not be precise enough or may not reflect the way in which scientists use
a word (for example "efficiency" has a common definition, but the physical
definition is much more restricted.)
Get an understanding from the context in which it is used. Often
words that are used to describe the procedures used in an experiment can
be understood from the context, and may be very specific to the paper you
are reading. Examples are the "lithium-free control group" in a rat experiment
or the "carotene extraction procedure" in a biochemical experiment. Of
course, you should be careful when deciding that you understand a word
from its context, because it might not mean what you think.
Flag this phrase as belonging to one of the major concepts of the paper--it's
bigger than a vocabulary question. For example, a paper about diet and
cancer might refer to "risk reduction," which you would need to understand
in context and in some depth.
How to Read a Scientific Research
Paper--a four-step guide for students and
for facultyAnn McNeal, School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst
MA 01002Reading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter of
experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a
field. First of all, DON'T PANIC! If you approach it step by step, even
an impossible-looking paper can be understood.1. Skimming. Skim the paper quickly, noting basics like headings,
figures and the like. This takes just a few minutes. You're not trying
to understand it yet, but just to get an overview.2. Vocabulary. Go through the paper word by word and line by
line, underlining or highlighting every word and phrase you don't
understand. Don't worry if there are a lot of underlinings; you're still
not trying to make sense of the article.Now you have several things you might do with these vocabulary and concept
questions, depending upon the kind of question each is. You can
3. Comprehension, section by section. Try to deal with all the words
and phrases, although a few technical terms in the Methods section might
remain. Now go back and read the whole paper, section by section, for comprehension.In the Introduction, note how the context is set. What larger
question is this a part of? The author should summarize and comment on
previous research, and you should distinguish between previous research
and the actual current study. What is the hypothesis of the paper and the
ways this will be tested?In the Methods, try to get a clear picture of what was done at
each step. What was actually measured? It is a good idea to make an outline
and/or sketch of the procedures and instruments. Keep notes of your questions;
some of them may be simply technical, but others may point to more fundamental
considerations that you will use for reflection and criticism below.In Results look carefully at the figures and tables, as they
are the heart of most papers. A scientist will often read the figures and
tables before deciding whether it is worthwhile to read the rest of the
article! What does it mean to "understand" a figure? You understand a figure
when you can redraw it and explain it in plain English words.The Discussion contains the conclusions that the author would
like to draw from the data. In some papers, this section has a lot of interpretation
and is very important. In any case, this is usually where the author reflects
on the work and its meaning in relation to other findings and to the field
in general.4. Reflection and criticism. After you understand the article
and can summarize it, then you can return to broader questions and draw
your own conclusions. It is very useful to keep track of your questions
as you go along, returning to see whether they have been answered. Often,
the simple questions may contain the seeds of very deep thoughts about
the work--for example, "Why did the authors use a questionnaire at the
end of the month to find out about premenstrual tension? Wouldn't subjects
forget or have trouble recalling?" -
Here are some questions that may be useful in analyzing various kinds
of research papers:Introduction:
What is the overall purpose of the research? How does the research fit into the context of its field? Is it, for
example, attempting to settle a controversy? show the validity of a new
technique? open up a new field of inquiry?Do you agree with the author's rationale for studying the question in
this way?Methods:
Were the measurements appropriate for the questions the researcher was
approaching?Often, researchers need to use "indicators" because they cannot measure
something directly--for example, using babies' birthweight to indicate
nutritional status. Were the measures in this research clearly related
to the variables in which the researchers (or you) were interested?If human subjects were studied, do they fairly represent the populations
under study?Results
What is the one major finding?
Were enough of the data presented so that you feel you can judge for
yourself how the experiment turned out?Did you see patterns or trends in the data that the author did not mention?
Were there problems that were not addressed?Discussion
Do you agree with the conclusions drawn from the data?
Are these conclusions over-generalized or appropriately careful?
Are there other factors that could have influenced, or accounted for,
the results?What further experiments would you think of, to continue the research
or to answer remaining questions?
-
-
10 Feb 07
-
06 Jan 07
-
23 Jun 06
-
16 Mar 06
-
20 Feb 06
-
09 May 05
Would you like to comment?
Join Diigo for a free account, or sign in if you are already a member.