This link has been bookmarked by 20 people . It was first bookmarked on 18 Apr 2008, by whiteknoll.
-
24 Oct 14
-
Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year
-
,[2] with nearly 90% of these occurring in Africa
-
-
more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and changing climate.[2] The disease originated in Africa, where it spread to South America through the slave trade in the 17th century.[1] Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe.[1] In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases.[1] The yellow fever virus was
-
-
24 Mar 14
-
Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, a 40 to 50 nm wide enveloped RNA virus, the type species and namesake of the family Flaviviridae.[3] It was the first illness shown to be transmissible via filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes, by Walter Reed around 1900.[14] The positive sense single-stranded RNA is approximately 11,000 nucleotides long and has a single open reading frame encoding a polyprotein. Host proteases cut this polyprotein into three structural (C, prM, E) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5); the enumeration corresponds to the arrangement of the protein coding genes in the genome.[15] Yellow fever belongs to the group of hemorrhagic fevers.
The viruses infect, amongst others, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. They attach to the cell surface via specific receptors and are taken up by an endosomal vesicle. Inside the endosome, the decreased pH induces the fusion of the endosomal membrane with the virus envelope. The capsid enters the cytosol, decays, and releases the genome. Receptor binding as well as membrane fusion are catalyzed by the protein E, which changes its conformation at low pH, causing a rearrangement of the 90 homodimers to 60 homotrimers.[15]
-
After entering the host cell, the viral genome is replicated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in the so-called vesicle packets. At first, an immature form of the virus particle is produced inside the ER, whose M-protein is not yet cleaved to its mature form and is therefore denoted as prM (precursor M) and forms a complex with protein E. The immature particles are processed in the Golgi apparatus by the host protein furin, which cleaves prM to M. This releases E from the complex which can now take its place in the mature, infectious virion.[15]
-
There are three epidemiologically different infectious cycles,[6] in which the virus is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans or other primates. In the "urban cycle," only the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is involved. It is well adapted to urban centres and can also transmit other diseases, including dengue fever and chikungunya. The urban cycle is responsible for the major outbreaks of yellow fever that occur in Africa. Except in an outbreak in 1999 in Bolivia, this urban cycle no longer exists in South America.
-
-
18 Mar 14
-
Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year
-
-
03 Oct 13
-
A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever has existed since the middle of the 20th century, and some countries require vaccinations for travelers.[9] Because no therapy is known, vaccination programs are of great importance in affected areas, along with measures to prevent bites and reduce the population of the transmitting mosquito.
-
Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing, making it a re-emerging disease.[10] This is likely due to warfare and social disruption in several African nations.
-
Although Dr. Reed has received much of the credit in American history books for "beating" yellow fever, Reed had fully credited Dr. Finlay with the discovery of the yellow fever vector, and how it might be controlled. Dr. Reed often cited Finlay's papers in his own articles and also gave him credit for the discovery in his personal correspondence
-
The Rockefeller Foundation’s International Health Board (IHB) undertook an expensive and successful yellow fever eradication campaign in Mexico during 1920-1923. The IHB gained the respect of Mexico’s federal government because of the success. The eradication of yellow fever strengthened the relationship between the US and Mexico, which had not been very good in the past. The eradication of yellow fever was a major step toward better global health
-
In 1927, scientists isolated the yellow fever virus in West Africa, which led to the development of two vaccines in the 1930s. The vaccine 17D was developed by the South African microbiologist Max Theiler at the Rockefeller Institute. This vaccine was widely used by the U.S. Army during World War II.[1] Following the work of Ernest Goodpasture, he used chicken eggs to culture the virus and won a Nobel Prize in 1951 for this achievement
-
Using vector control and strict vaccination programs, the urban cycle of yellow fever was nearly eradicated from South America. Since 1943 only a single urban outbreak in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, has occurred. But, since the 1980s, the number of yellow fever cases have been increasing again and A. aegypti has returned to the urban centers of South America. This is partly due to limitations on available insecticides, as well as habitat dislocations caused by climate change, and partly because the vector control program was abandoned. Although no new urban cycle has yet been established, scientists believe that this could happen again at any point. An outbreak in Paraguay in 2008 was thought to be urban in nature, but this ultimately proved not to be the case.
-
In Africa, virus eradication programs have mostly relied upon vaccination. These programs have largely been unsuccessful because they were unable to break the sylvatic cycle involving wild primates. With few countries establishing regular vaccination programs, measures to fight yellow fever have been neglected, making the future spread of the virus more likely.
-
In the past, yellow fever has been researched by several countries as a potential biological weapon
-
-
20 Feb 13
-
16 Apr 12
-
13 Apr 12
-
19 Jan 12
-
enveloped RNA
-
positive sense of the Flaviviridae
-
jaundice (giving the name of the disease)
-
increased bleeding tendency (bleeding diathesis),
-
vaccination
-
incubation period of three to six days
-
cases the infection lasts only three to four days
-
black vomit
-
-
-
William FerriterYellow fever is one of the diseases that we are studying in Mrs. Barrow's class. This is the Wikipedia page about Yellow Fever. I like the additional resources at the bottom.
-
20 Sep 11
-
01 Apr 11
-
10 May 09
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack or sometimes black vomit or American Plague[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients.[3]
-
-
18 Apr 08
-
also called yellow jack, black vomit or vomito negro, or sometimes American Plague
-
hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine
-
viral disease
-
), led to an understanding of the method of transmission to humans (primarily by mosquitos)
-
nations in Africa and Central and South America continue to be at risk.
-
Would you like to comment?
Join Diigo for a free account, or sign in if you are already a member.