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sidj1981Scratch is a programming language learning environment enabling beginners to get results without having to learn syntactically correct writing first.
mit scratch learn coding learning software development programming-language language teaching creativity education kids programming
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Scratch is a programming language learning environment enabling beginners to get results without having to learn syntactically correct writing first. Created by the MIT Media Lab, it is intended to motivate for further learning through playfully experimenting and creating projects, such as interactive animations, games, etc.
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The first version of Scratch was developed in 2006 by the Lifelong Kindergarten group, led by Mitchel Resnick, at the MIT Media Lab[3]. Scratch allows for constructing and testing through mostly tactile process because the creators' first priority was to make it as easily learned by children as possible.
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The user interface for the Scratch development environment divides the screen into several panes: on the left is the blocks palette, in the middle the current sprite info and scripts area, and on the right the stage (backgrounds) and "sprites" list.
The blocks palette has code fragments (called "blocks") that can be dragged onto the scripts area to make programs. To keep the palette from being too big, it is organized into eight groups of blocks: movement, looks, sound, pen, control, sensing, operators, and variables. Different kinds of blocks have different colors and shapes.
In versions 1.3.1 and lower, operators was named numbers. Multi-threaded code with message passing is fundamental to Scratch, but the current version does not treat procedures as first class structures and has no file I/O options and only supports one-dimensional arrays, known as Lists. Floating point scalars and strings are supported as of version 1.4, but with limited string manipulation capability. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.
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For example, younger children can create projects with their parents or older siblings, and college students use Scratch in some introductory computer science classes (including Harvard's introductory computer class[7][8]).
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Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, museums,[6] community centers, and homes.
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Empirical studies were made of various features—those that interfered with intuitive learning were discarded, while those that encouraged beginners and made it easy for them to explore and learn were kept. Some of the results are surprising, making Scratch quite different from other teaching languages
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The Scratch online community's slogan "Imagine, Program, Share" indicates that sharing and the social aspects of creativity as important parts of the philosophy behind Scratch.
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Scratch projects are not seen as black boxes but as objects for remixing to make new projects. Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and any member of the community can download their full source code to study or to remix into new projects.[11][12] Members can also comment, tag, favorite and "love" others' projects and share ideas. Projects range from games to animations to chatbots.
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All projects on the website are shared under a Creative Commons attribution
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The website receives close to 10 million page views per month[13] and as of December, 2011 it had more than 950,000 registered members
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over 2,200,000 projects
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There is also an online community for educators, called ScratchEd.
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The source-code of Scratch and its derivatives are based on Squeak
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The Scratch Online Community received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the Prix Ars Electronica 2008
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Scratch programs can be uploaded directly from the development environment to personal web pages on the Scratch website, where other members of the Scratch comm
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