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Rex MartinOpen educational resources (OER) are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing as well as for research purposes. Although some people consider the use of an open file format to be an essential characteristic of OER, this is not a universally acknowledged requirement.
The development and promotion of open educational resources is often motivated by a desire to curb the commodification of knowledge[1] and provide an alternate or enhanced educational paradigm.oer open educational resources learning elearning wikipedia article education
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Joyce Kincannon"Open educational resources (OER) are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing as well as for research purposes."
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- Jump up ^ Kauppinen, Ilkka (29). "Different meanings of 'knowledge as commodity' in the context of higher education". Critical Sociology. doi:10.1177/0896920512471218. Retrieved 23 April 2013. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - Jump up ^ Sanchez, Claudia. "The use of technological resources for education: a new professional competency for teachers". Intel® Learning Series blog. Intel Corporation. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- Jump up ^ "What is OER?". wiki.creativecommons.org. Creative Commons. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- Jump up ^ Kauppinen, Ilkka (29). "Different meanings of 'knowledge as commodity' in the context of higher education". Critical Sociology. doi:10.1177/0896920512471218. Retrieved 23 April 2013. Check date values in:
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Open Educational Resources (OER) are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment and research purposes. Although some people consider the use of an open format to be an essential characteristic of OER, this is not a universally acknowledged requirement.
The development and promotion of open educational resources is often motivated by a desire to curb the commodification of knowledge[1] and provide an alternate or enhanced educational paradigm.[2]
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idea of open educational resources (OER) has numerous working definitions.[3] Often cited is the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation which defines OER as: "teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain and have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or tec
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knowledge".[4] The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines OER as: "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students, and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning, and research. OER includes learning content, software tools to develop, use, and distribute content, and implementation resources such as open licences".[5] (This is the definition cited by Wikipedia's sister proj
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creators and sponsors of open educational resources, it is not surprising to find a variety of use cases and requirements. For this reason, it may be as helpful to consider the differences between descriptions of open educational resources as it is to consider the descriptions themselves. One of several tensions in reaching a consensus description of OER (as found in the above definitions) is whether there should be explicit emphasis placed on specif
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tension is deeply bound up with the discourse of open-source licensing. For more, see Licensing and Types of OER later in this article.
There is also a tension between entities which find value in quantifying usage of OER and those which see such metrics as themselves being irrelevant to free and open resources. Those requiring metrics associated with OER are often those with economic investment in the technologies needed to access or provide electronic OER, those with economic interests potentially threatened by OER,[10] or those requiring justification for the costs of implementing and maintaining the infras
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nologies used to access and host learning content from the content itself, these technologies are generally accepted as part of the collective of open educational resources.[11]
Since OER are intended to be available for a variety of educational purposes, most organizations using OER neither award degrees nor provide academic or administrative support to students seeking college credits towards a diploma from a degree granting accredited institution.[12][13] In open education, there is an emerging effort by some accredited institutions to offer free certifications, or achievement badges, to document and acknowledge the accomplishments of participants.
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cy among educators and instructional designers, popularizing the idea that digital materials can be designed to allow easy reuse in a wide range of teaching and learning situations.[14]
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The OER movement originated from developments in open and distance learning (ODL) and in the wider context of a culture of open knowledge, open source, free sharing and peer collaboration, which emerged in
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ept by analogy with open source.[18] Richard Baraniuk made the same connection independently in 1999.[19]
The MIT OpenCourseWare project is credited for having sparked a global Open Educational Resources Movement after announcing in 2001 that it was going to put MIT's entire course catalog online and launching this project in 2002.[20] In a first manifestation of this movement, MIT entered a partnership with Utah State University, where assistant professor of instructional technology David Wiley set up a distributed peer support network for the OCW's content through voluntary, self-organizing communities of interest.[21]
The term "open educational resources" was first adopted at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher
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esearch and Innovation (CERI) launched a 20-month study to analyse and map the scale and scope of initiatives regarding "open educational resources" in terms of their purpose, content, and funding.[22] The report "Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resou
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In September 2007, the Open Society Institute and the Shuttleworth Foundation convened a meeting in Cape Town to which thirty leading proponents of open education were invited to collaborate on the text of a manifesto. The Cape Town Open Education Declaration was released on 22 January 2008,[24] urging governments and publishers to make publicly funded educational materials available at no charge via the internet.[25]
Licensing and Types of OER[edit]
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more flexible licensing options have become available as a result of the work of Creative Commons, an organisation that provides ready-made licensing agreements that are less restrictive than the "all rights reserved" terms of standard international copyright. These new options have become a "critical infrastructure service for the OER movement."[26] Another license, typically used by developers of OER software, is the GNU Public License from the FOSS community. Open licensing allows uses of the materials that would not be easily permitted under copyright alone.[27]
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be considered a legitimate open educational resource depending on whether the absence of an open license prevents it from meeting differing criteria of openness. Related to the discussion on licensing is discussion on reusage which a license may or may not clearly indicate.
Types of open educational resources include: full courses, course materials, modu
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censed (often streamed) videos, tests, software, and other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge. OER may be freely and openly available static resources, dynamic resources which change over time in the course of having knowledge seekers interacting with and updating them (such as this Wikipedia article), or a course or module with a combination of these resources.
OER policy[edit]
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- OER Africa, an initiative established by the South African Institute for Distance Education (Saide) to play a leading role in driving the development and use of OER across all education sectors on the African contine
es or tenets adopted by governing bodies in support of the use of open content and practices in educational institutions. Such policies are emerging increasingly at the country, state/province and more local level.[28]
Some major OER programs include:
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- Wikiwijs (the Netherlands), a program intended to promote the use of open educational resources (OER) in the Dutch education sector;[30]
- The Open educational resources programme (phases one[31] and two[32]) (United Kingdom), funded by HEFCE, the UK Higher Education Academy and Jisc, which has supported pilot projects and activities around the open release of learning resources, for free use and repurposing worldwide.
Creative Commons hosts an open educational resources policy registry lists 77 cur
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al Support[edit]
A large part of the early work on open educational resources was funded by universities and foundations such as the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation,[20] which was the main financial supporter of open educational resources in the early years and has spent more than $110 million in the 2002 to 2010 period, of which more than $14 million went to MIT.[12] The Shuttleworth Foundation, which focuses on projects concerning collaborative content creation, has contributed as well. With the British government contributing £5.7m,[34] institutional support has also been provided by the UK funding bodies JISC[35] and HEFC
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ns on this matter through its International Institute of Educational Planning (IIEP).[citation needed] Believing that OERs can widen access to quality education, particularly when shared by many countries and higher education institutions, UNESCO also champions OERs as a means of promoting access, equ
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A parallel initiative Connexions, came out of Rice University starting in 1999. In contrast to the OCW projects, content licenses are required to be open under a Creative Commons Attribution only license. The hallmark of Connexions is the use of a custom XML format CNXML, designed to aid and enable mixing and reuse of the content.
Other initiatives derived from MIT OpenCourseWare are China Open Resources for
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In 2003, the ownership of Wikipedia and Wiktionary projects was transferred to the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit charitable organization whose goal is to collecting and developing free educational content and to disseminate it effectively and globally. Wikipedia ranks in the top-ten most visited websites worldwide since 2007.
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OER Commons was spearheaded in 2007 by ISKME, a nonprofit education research institute dedicated to innovation in open
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education content and practices, as a way to aggregate, share, and promote open educational resources to educators, administrators, parents, and students. OER Commons also provides educators tools to align OER to the Common Core State Standards; to evaluate the quality of OER to OER Rubrics developed by Achieve; and to contribute and share OERs with other teachers and learners worldwide. To further promote the sharing of these resources among educators, in 2008 ISKME launched the OER
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which focuses on advancing Open Educational Practices and on building opportunities for systemic change in teaching and learning.
One of the first OER resources for K-20 education is Curriki. A nonprofit organization, Curriki provid
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to free curricula and instructional materials for students up to the age of 18 (K-12). By applying the open source process to education, Curriki empowers educational professionals to become an active community in the creation of good curricula. Kim Jones serves as Curriki's Executive Director.
In August 2006 WikiEducator was launched to provide a venue for planning education projects built on OER, creating and promoting open education resources (OERs), and networking towards funding proposals.[41] Its Wikieducator's Learning4Content project builds skills in the use of MediaWiki and related free software technologies for mass-collaboration in the authoring of free content and claims to be the world's largest wiki training project for education. By 30 June 2009 the project facilitated 86 workshops training 3,001 educators from 113 different countries.[42]
Peer production has also been utilized in producing collabor
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e open education resources (OERs). Writing Commons, an international open textbook spearheaded by Joe Moxley at the University of South Florida, has evolved from a print textbook into a crowd-sourced resource for college writers around the world.[43] Massive open online course (MOOC) platforms hav
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erate content.[44] In 10 weeks, 150 authors contributed more than 50 chapters to the CCMOOC eBook and companion site.[45]
In 2011-12,academicians from University of Mumbai, India created an OER Portal with free resources on Micro Economics, Macro Economics, Soft Skills - available for global learners.[46][1]
Another project is the Free Education Initiative from the Saylor Foundation, whic
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to assist in this process, as
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ge.[48]
In 2010 the University of Birmingham and the London School of Economics worked together on the HEA and JISC funded DELILA project, the main aim of the project was to release a small sample of open educational resources to support embedding digital and information literacy education into institutional teacher training courses accredited by the HEA including PGCerts and other CPD courses.[49] One of the main barriers that the project found to sharin
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sources in information literacy was copyright that belonged to commercial database providers[50]
In 2006, the African Virtual University (AVU) released 73 modules of its Teacher Education Programs as Open Education Resources to make the courses freely available for all. In 2010, the AVU developed the OER Repository which has contributed to increase the number of Africans that use, contextualize, share and disseminate the existing as well as future academic content. T
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- Europe - Learning Resource Exchange for schools (LRE) is a service launched by European Schoolnet in 2004 enabling educators to find multilingual open educational resources from many different countries and providers.
pen Education Resources[51]
International programs[edit]
High hopes have been voiced for OERs to alleviate the digital divide between the global North and the global South, and to make a contribution to the development of less advanced economies.[52]
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here the 219 modules of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, ICT in education, and teacher education professional courses are published. The
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s are available in three different languages – English, French, and Portuguese, making the AVU the leading African institution in providing and using
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- India -National Council Of Educational Research and Training digitized all its textbooks from 1st standard to 12th standard .The textbooks are available online for free. Central Institute of Educational Technology, a constituent Unit of NCERT digitized more than thousand audio and video programmes. All the educational AV material developed by CIET is presently available at Sakshat Portal an initiative of Ministry of Human Resources and Development. In addition, NROER ( National Repository for Open Educational Resources) houses variety of e content.
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eveloped educational materials – including textbooks, syllabi, course activities, readings, and assessments – for 81 high-enrolling college courses. All course have now been released and are providing faculty with a high-quality option
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- ooks for grades 1-12.[53] Distribution is free to all.
- Uruguay sought up to 1,000 digital learning resources in a Request For Proposals (RFP) in June 2011.[54]
- South Korea has announced a plan to digitize all of its textbooks and to provide all students with computers and digitized textbooks.[55]
- The California Learning Resources Network Free Digital Textbook Initiative at high school level,[56] initiated by former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger.
- The Shuttleworth Foundation's Free high school science texts for South Africa[57]
- Saudi Arabia had a comprehensive project in 2008 to digitize and improve the M
English language version of Open Educational Resources global logo.
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OER global logo adopted by UNESCO[edit]
With the advent of growing international awareness and implementation of open educational resources, a global OER logo (shown right) was adopted for use in multiple languages by UNESCO. The design of the Global OER logo creates a common global visu
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More fundamentally, doubts were cast on the altruistic motives typically claimed by OERs. The project itself was accused of imperialism because the economic, political, and cultural preferences of highly-developed countries determine the creation and dissemination of knowledge that can be used by less-developed countries and may be a self-serving imposition.[61]
Internal discourse[edit]
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ersus libre knowledge as found in the discourse about massive open online courses, which may offer free courses but charge for end-of-course awards or course verification certificates from commercial entities.[64][65] A second example of essentially contested ideas in OER can be found in the usage of different OER logos which can be interpreted as indicating more or less allegiance to the notion of OER as a global movement.
Stephen Downes has argued that, from a connectivist perspective, the production of OER is ironic because "in the final analysis, we cannot produce knowledge for people. Period. The people who are benefiting from these open education resource initiatives are the people who are producing these resources."[66]
See also[edit]
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- Free education
- Free High School Science Texts
- Free and open-source software
- George Siemens[67]
- IMS Global
- Internet Archive
- Jisc
- Khan Academy
- Libre knowledge
- Massive open online courses (MOOCs)
- MIT OpenCourseWare
- Open access
- Open content
- OpenCourseWare
- OpenLearn
- Open Library[68]
- Open source curriculum
- PhET Interactive Simulations
- Project Gutenberg
- Question and Test Interoperability specification
- Stephen Downes[69][70]
- Virginia Open Education Foundation
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are freely accessible, usually openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment and research purposes. Although some people consider the use of an open format to be an essential characteristic of OER, this is not a universally acknowledged requirement.
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Mónica Vallín@juanjoberja Mejor "abierto" como en OER (open educational resources) http://t.co/yptMgrdSBm MI idea (y la de mucha gente) #mooc24h
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freely accessible, openly formatted and openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, education, assessment and research purposes
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can neither award degrees nor provide academic or administrative support to students.
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is a "critical infrastructure service for the OER movement.
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UNESCO is taking a leading role in "making countries aware of the potential of OER.
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"OERs will not be able to help countries reach their educational goals unless awareness of their power and potential can rapidly be expanded beyond the communities of interest that they have already attracted."
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The very project has been accused of imperialism
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Open educational resources (OERs) are freely accessible, openly formatted and openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, education, assessment and research purposes.
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OER as: "teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge
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MIT entered a partnership with Utah State University, where assistant professor of instructional technology David Wiley set up a distributed peer support network for the OCW's content through voluntary, self-organizing communities of interes
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The term "open educational resources" was first adopted at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries
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The OER movement originated from developments in open and distance learning (ODL) and in the wider context of a culture of open knowledge, open source, free sharing and peer collaboration, which emerged in the late 20th century
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OERs will not be able to help countries reach their educational goals unless awareness of their power and potential can rapidly be expanded beyond the communities of interest that they have already attracted
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Julian BecktonI'm really just playing around so that I can find out about Diigo - it's not a service I normally use so please ignore anything I post for the next hour or so!
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or teaching, learning, research and more, made available free through open licenses, which allow uses of the materials that would not be easily permitted under copyright alone.[1] As a mode for content creation and sharing, OER alone cannot a
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Eder ÁvilaOpen educational resources
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Open educational resources (OER) are digital materials that can be re-used for teaching, learning, research and more, made available for free through open licenses, which allow uses of the materials that would not be easily permitted under copyright alone.[1] As a mode for content creation and sharing, OER alone cannot award degrees nor provide academic or administrative support to students.[2][3] However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education.[4] Some OER producers have involved themselves in social media to increase their content visibility and reputation.[5]
OER include different kinds of digital assets. Learning content includes courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals. Tools include software that supports the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content, searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities. Implementation resources include intellectual property licenses that govern open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localization of content. They also include materials on best practices such as stories, publication, techniques, methods, processes, incentives, and distribution.
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Matthew RaganOpen educational resources (OER) are "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research."[1] Being a production and dissemination mode, OER are not involved in awarding degrees nor in providing academic or administrative support to students.[2][3] However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education.[4]
ocw open courseware edtech OER education learning elearning resources e-learning
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29 Apr 11
Chris Duke"Open educational resources (OER) are "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research."[1] Being a production and dissemination mode, OER are not involved in awarding degrees nor in providing academic or administrative support to students.[2][3] However, OER materials are beginning to get integrated into open and distance education.[4]"
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David WarlickOpen educational resources (OER) are learning materials that are freely available under a license that allows them to be used, remixed, improved and redistributed.
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Thomas Millerwikipedia Open Educational Resources entry
open educational resources content interoperability learning registry content standards OER CI
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Jöran Muuß-MerholzOpen educational resources (OER) are learning materials that are freely available for use, remixing and redistribution.
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In contrast to the OCW projects, content licenses are required to be open Creative Commons Attribution only license.
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Creative Commons, an organisation that provides ready-made licensing agreements that are less restrictive than the "all rights reserved" terms of standard international copyright, is a "critical infrastructure service for the OER movement."[26]
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William and Flora Hewlett Foundation,[16] which was the main financial supporter of open educational resources in the early years and has spent more than $110 million in the 2002 to 2010 period, of which more than $14 million went to MIT.[2] The Shuttleworth Foundation, which focuses on projects concerning collaborative content creation, has contributed as well. With the British government contributing £5.7m,[27] institutional support has also been provided by the UK funding bodies JISC[28] and HEFCE.[29]
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Giorgio BertiniOpen educational resources (OER) are learning materials that are available freely available for use, remixing and redistribution.Open educational resourcesThe term "open educational resources" was first adopted at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on the Impact of Open
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Open educational resources
<!-- /firstHeading --> <!-- bodyContent --><!-- tagline -->From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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- Learning content: full courses, course materials, content modules, learning objects, collections, and journals.
- Tools: Software to support the creation, delivery, use and improvement of open learning content including searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and on-line learning communities.
- Implementation resources: Intellectual property licenses to promote open publishing of materials, design-principles, and localization of content.
The term "open educational resources" was first adopted at
UNESCO 's 2002 Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education inDeveloping Countries funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Open educational resources are educational materials and resources offered freely and openly for anyone to use and under some licenses to re-mix, improve and redistribute. Open educational resources include: -
1.2 Best practices and communities for OER contributors
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- Open and inclusive ethos: everyone can participate, no charges, no deadlines, life long participation
- Up to date content; everyone can add, edit and update the content
- Materials are usually the product of many authors with many contributions from people other than authors
- Frequent releases and updates where product features and community structures are the result of a continuous re-negotiation / reflection process within a continuous development cycle
- Prior learning outcomes and processes are systematically available through mailing lists, forums, commented code and further instructional materials (re-use)
- A large support network; provided voluntarily by the community member in a collaborative manner nearly 24/7
- Free Riders (lurker) welcome paradox – the more the better
- New ICT solutions are adapted early by the community
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