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14 May 15
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concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact
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special regulation
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nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman
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nvention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which provided unprecedented visualization of individual atoms
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Fullerenes were discovered in 1985
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d graphene tubes
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engineering of functional systems
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1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative
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comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth
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26 Mar 15
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06 Jan 15
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Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology[1][2] referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers
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31 Dec 14
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Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
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nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm sca
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Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research.
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Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[5] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
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The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, in which he described the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms. The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known.
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Inspired by Feynman's concepts, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity with atomic control
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15 Nov 14
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01 Nov 14
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Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
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16 Oct 14
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fines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special pro
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xtensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale.
Scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[5] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These conce
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cientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Society's report on nanotechnology.[10] Challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in a public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003.[11]
Meanwhile, commercialization of products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies bega
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ay have unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that bacteriostatic silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash.[54] These particles are then flushed into the waste water stream and may destroy bacteria which are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes.[55]
Public deliberations on risk perception in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.[56]
Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, have testified[57] that successful commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. Berkeley, California is curr
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09 Oct 14
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17 Sep 14
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08 Sep 14
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01 May 14
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The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman
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The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974
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26 Mar 14
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Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
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A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.
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Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars.[3]
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Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[5] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
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13 Feb 14
Micah K"Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale"
Nanotechnology is really a manipulation-nanotechnology doesn't happen naturally. -
William Cnanotechnology is an interesting concept. many world governments have invested billions in research for nanotechnology.
"Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology[1][2] referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter that occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars." -
02 Nov 13
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23 Oct 13
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24 Sep 13
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02 Sep 13
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human health and the environment,
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Others counter
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some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated by governments
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research.
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nanotoxicology
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overregulation would stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations.
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bacteriostatic silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash.[53] These particles are then flushed into the waste water stream and may destroy bacteria which are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes
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Some nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences
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when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs,
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mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease
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06 Feb 13
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31 Jan 13
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04 Sep 12
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Create
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Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance produ
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One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately
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a quarter of a nm diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of in the nano device.[11] These new phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent macroscopic device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the descripti
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08 Jul 12
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22 Apr 12
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16 Mar 12
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Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale.
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11 Mar 12
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28 Feb 12
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30 Jan 12
Michele ShawNanotechnology
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09 Jan 12
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Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale.
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc.
There is much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[1] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
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09 Dec 11
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opaque substances become transparent (copper); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum); insoluble materials become soluble (gold).
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07 Dec 11
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developing new materials
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1 to 100
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physics, microfabrication, etc
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nergy productio
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06 Dec 11
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29 Nov 11
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Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.
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27 Nov 11
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17 Oct 11
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15 Sep 11
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04 Sep 11
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Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size. Quantum mechanical effects are very important at this scale, which is in the quantum realm.
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22 Jul 11
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading"></h1><!-- /firstHeading --><!-- bodyContent --><br/><div id="bodyContent"><!-- tagline --><br/><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><!-- /tagline --><!-- subtitle --><br/><div id="contentSub"></div><!-- /subtitle --><!-- jumpto --><br/><div id="jump-to-nav"> Jump to: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/#p-search">search</a></div><!-- /jumpto --><!-- bodytext --><br/><table class="infobox" cellpadding="0" style="background: rgb(23, 91, 13); padding: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(23, 91, 13); width: auto; text-align: center; color: white; clear: right; font-size: 90%; float: right;" cellspacing="0"><br/><tbody><br/><tr><br/><td><br/><table cellpadding="0" style="background: rgb(23, 91, 13); padding: 1px; border: 1px dotted rgb(175, 191, 184); width: 16.5em; color: rgb(175, 191, 184);" cellspacing="0"><br/><tbody><br/><tr><br/><td colspan="2"><small>Part of a series of articles on<br></small><br/><p><strong class="selflink"><span style="color: white; font-family: Palatino Linotype; font-size: 175%;"><b>Nanotechnology</b></span></strong><br></p><br/></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology"><span style="color: black;">History</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implications_of_nanotechnology" title="Implications of nanotechnology"><span style="color: black;">Implications</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications" title="List of nanotechnology applications"><span style="color: black;">Applications</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology"><span style="color: black;">Regulation</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_organizations" title="List of nanotechnology organizations"><span style="color: black;">Organizations</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction"><span style="color: black;">Popular <br/>culture</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_topics" title="List of nanotechnology topics"><span style="color: black;">List of topics</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials"><span style="color: white;">Nanomaterials</span></a></b></td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene"><span style="color: black;">Fullerene</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube"><span style="color: black;">Carbon Nanotubes</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle"><span style="color: black;">Nanoparticles</span></a><br></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine"><span style="color: white;">Nanomedicine</span></a></b></td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotoxicology" title="Nanotoxicology"><span style="color: black;">Nanotoxicology</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor"><span style="color: black;">Nanosensor</span></a><br></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly"><span style="color: white;">Molecular <br/>self-assembly</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer" title="Self-assembled monolayer"><span style="color: black;">Self-assembled monolayer</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_assembly" title="Supramolecular assembly"><span style="color: black;">Supramolecular <br/>assembly</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology"><span style="color: black;">DNA nanotechnology</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics"><span style="color: white;">Nanoelectronics</span></a></b></td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics"><span style="color: black;">Molecular scale electronics</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolithography" title="Nanolithography"><span style="color: black;">Nanolithography</span></a><br></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy" title="Scanning probe microscopy"><span style="color: white;">Scanning probe microscopy</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope"><span style="color: black;">Atomic force <br/>microscope</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope"><span style="color: black;">Scanning tunneling microscope</span></a></span></p></td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology"><span style="color: white;">Molecular <br/>nanotechnology</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="background: rgb(237, 253, 235); border-width: 3px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(31, 72, 53) rgb(23, 91, 13);"><br/><p><span style="line-height: 135%;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler"><span style="color: black;">Molecular assembler</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics"><span style="color: black;">Nanorobotics</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosynthesis" title="Mechanosynthesis"><span style="color: black;">Mechanosynthesis</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><br/><p><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nanotechnology" title="Portal:Nanotechnology"><span style="color: white;">Nanotechnology Portal</span></a></b><br><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="word-spacing: -0.12em; white-space: nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nanotechnology" title="Template:Nanotechnology"><span style="color: white;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <br/><span style="color: white;"><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nanotechnology" title="Template talk:Nanotechnology"><span style="color: white;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <br/><span style="color: white;"><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nanotechnology&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: white;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></p></td></tr><br/></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br/><p><b>Nanotechnology</b> (sometimes shortened to "<b>nanotech</b>") is the study <br/>of manipulating matter on an <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> <br/>scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometre</a> in at least one <br/>dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one <br/>dimension within that size. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum <br/>mechanical</a> effects are very important at this scale, which is in the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_realm" title="Quantum realm">quantum realm</a>.</p><br/><p>Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device <br/>physics</a> to completely new approaches based upon <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly">molecular self-assembly</a>, from <br/>developing <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">new materials</a> <br/>with <nobr><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/#" class="FAAdLink" id="FALINK_2_0_1">dimensions</a></nobr> <br/>on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">directly control matter on the atomic <br/>scale</a>.</p><br/><p>There is much debate on the future <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implications_of_nanotechnology" title="Implications of nanotechnology">implications of nanotechnology</a>. <br/>Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast <br/>range of <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications" title="List of nanotechnology applications">applications</a>, <br/>such as in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">medicine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">electronics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomaterials">biomaterials</a> and energy <br/>production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as <br/>any new technology, including concerns about the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotoxicology" title="Nanotoxicology">toxicity</a> <br/>and <nobr><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#" class="FAAdLink" id="FALINK_3_0_2">environmental <br/>impact</a></nobr> of nanomaterials,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and their potential <br/>effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo" title="Grey goo">doomsday scenarios</a>. These concerns have led to a <br/>debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology">regulation of nanotechnology</a> is <br/>warranted</p></div>
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29 Jan 11
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The first use of the concepts found in 'nano-technology' (but pre-dating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, and so on down to the needed scale.
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scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and van der Waals attraction would become increasingly more significant, etc. T
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One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter.
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Larger to smaller: a materials perspective
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Simple to complex: a molecular perspective
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Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.
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Bottom-up approaches
These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.
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Top-down approaches
These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.
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SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, that made it possible to see structures at the nanoscale. The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly)
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microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface.
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top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials.
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At present, it is expensive and time-consuming for mass production but very suitable for laboratory experimentation.
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These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly.
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In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule.
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, 2008, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimates that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week
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The project lists all of the products in a publicly accessible online.[29] Most applications are limited to the use of "first generation" passive nanomaterials which includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics and some food products; Carbon allotropes used to produce gecko tape; silver in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst.[30]
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archer David Berube to study the field of nanotechnology. His findings are published in the monograph Nano-Hype: The Truth Behind the Nanotechnology Buzz.[
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ls, the term still connotes such ideas. According to Berube, there may be a danger that a "nano bubble
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unintended consequences. Researchers have discovered that silver nanoparticles used in socks only to reduce foot odor are being released in the wash with possible negative consequences.[37] Silver nanoparticles, which are bacteriostatic, may then destroy beneficial bacteria which are important for breaking down organic matter in waste treatment plants or farms.[38]
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A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes – a poster child for the “nanotechnology revolution” – could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities
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02 Dec 10
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Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
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On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[1] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
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One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length.
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However, quantum effects become dominant when the nanometer size range is reached, typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less, the so called quantum realm. Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials.
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Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications.
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05 Nov 10
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Buckminsterfullerene C60
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DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson–Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.
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06 Oct 10
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Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and d
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d between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
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structures size
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y deals with structures sized betw
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Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and d
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21 Sep 10
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<div sizset="0" id="bodyContent" sizcache="0"><!-- tagline --><br/><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><!-- /tagline --><!-- subtitle --><br/><div id="contentSub"></div><!-- /subtitle --><!-- jumpto --><br/><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/#p-search">search</a> </div><!-- /jumpto --><!-- bodytext --><br/><div class="metadata topicon" style="DISPLAY: none; RIGHT: 55px" id="protected-icon"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/20px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png" height="20" width="20" alt="Page semi-protected"></a></div><br/><table class="infobox" cellpadding="0" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d; FLOAT: right; COLOR: white; CLEAR: right; FONT-SIZE: 90%; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 3px" cellspacing="0"><br/><tbody><br/><tr><br/><td><br/><table cellpadding="0" style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#afbfb8 1px dotted; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#afbfb8 1px dotted; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; WIDTH: 16.5em; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d; COLOR: http://en.wikipedia.org/#afbfb8; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#afbfb8 1px dotted; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#afbfb8 1px dotted; PADDING-TOP: 1px" cellspacing="0"><br/><tbody><br/><tr><br/><td colspan="2"><small>Part of a series of articles on<br></small><br/><p><strong class="selflink"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Palatino Linotype; COLOR: white; FONT-SIZE: 175%"><b>Nanotechnology</b></span></strong><br></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: black">History</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implications_of_nanotechnology" title="Implications of nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: black">Implications</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications" title="List of nanotechnology applications"><span style="COLOR: black">Applications</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: black">Regulation</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_organizations" title="List of nanotechnology organizations"><span style="COLOR: black">Organizations</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction"><span style="COLOR: black">Popular culture</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_topics" title="List of nanotechnology topics"><span style="COLOR: black">List of <br/>topics</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials"><span style="COLOR: white">Nanomaterials</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene"><span style="COLOR: black">Fullerene</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube"><span style="COLOR: black">Carbon Nanotubes</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle"><span style="COLOR: black">Nanoparticles</span></a><br></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine"><span style="COLOR: white">Nanomedicine</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotoxicology" title="Nanotoxicology"><span style="COLOR: black">Nanotoxicology</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor"><span style="COLOR: black">Nanosensor</span></a><br></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly"><span style="COLOR: white">Molecular <br/>self-assembly</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer" title="Self-assembled monolayer"><span style="COLOR: black">Self-assembled <br/>monolayer</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_assembly" title="Supramolecular assembly"><span style="COLOR: black">Supramolecular <br/>assembly</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: black">DNA <br/>nanotechnology</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics"><span style="COLOR: white">Nanoelectronics</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics"><span style="COLOR: black">Molecular <br/>electronics</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolithography" title="Nanolithography"><span style="COLOR: black">Nanolithography</span></a><br></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy" title="Scanning probe microscopy"><span style="COLOR: white">Scanning probe <br/>microscopy</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope"><span style="COLOR: black">Atomic force microscope</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope"><span style="COLOR: black">Scanning <br/>tunneling microscope</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: white">Molecular <br/>nanotechnology</span></a></b></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-LEFT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid; BACKGROUND: http://en.wikipedia.org/#edfdeb; BORDER-TOP: http://en.wikipedia.org/#1f4835 3px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: http://en.wikipedia.org/#175b0d 4px solid"><br/><p><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 135%"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler"><span style="COLOR: black">Molecular <br/>assembler</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics"><span style="COLOR: black">Nanorobotics</span></a><br><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosynthesis" title="Mechanosynthesis"><span style="COLOR: black">Mechanosynthesis</span></a></span></p></td></tr><br/><tr><br/><td><br/><p><b><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nanotechnology" title="Portal:Nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: white">Nanotechnology Portal</span></a></b><br> <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; COLOR: white; FONT-SIZE: xx-small; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0px"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nanotechnology" title="Template:Nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: white" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%">•</span> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nanotechnology" title="Template talk:Nanotechnology"><span style="COLOR: white" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 80%">•</span> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nanotechnology&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style="COLOR: white" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span> </p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br/><p><b>Nanotechnology</b>, shortened to "<b>nanotech</b>", is the study of the <br/>controlling of matter on an <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> and <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> scale. <br/>Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a> in at <br/>least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that <br/>size.</p><br/><p>Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device <br/>physics</a> to completely new approaches based upon <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly">molecular <br/>self-assembly</a>, from developing <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">new materials</a> with dimensions on the nanoscale to <br/>investigating whether we can <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">directly control matter on the atomic <br/>scale</a>.</p><br/><p>There has been much debate on the future <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implications_of_nanotechnology" title="Implications of nanotechnology">implications of nanotechnology</a>. <br/>Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast <br/>range of <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications" title="List of nanotechnology applications">applications</a>, such as in <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">medicine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">electronics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomaterials">biomaterials</a> <br/>and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same <br/>issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the <br/><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotoxicology" title="Nanotoxicology">toxicity</a> and <br/>environmental impact of nanomaterials,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and their potential <br/>effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo" title="Grey goo">doomsday scenarios</a>. These concerns <br/>have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology">regulation of nanotechnology</a> is <br/>warranted.</p><br/><table class="toc" sizset="0" id="toc" sizcache="0"><br/><tbody sizset="0" sizcache="0"><br/><tr sizset="0" sizcache="0"><br/><td sizset="0" sizcache="0"><br/><div id="toctitle"><br/><h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><br/><ul sizset="1" sizcache="0"><br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" sizset="1" sizcache="0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Fundamental_concepts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Fundamental concepts</span></a> <br/><ul><br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Larger_to_smaller:_a_materials_perspective"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Larger to smaller: a materials <br/>perspective</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Simple_to_complex:_a_molecular_perspective"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Simple to complex: a molecular <br/>perspective</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Molecular_nanotechnology:_a_long-term_view"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Molecular nanotechnology: a <br/>long-term view</span></a> </li></ul><br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" sizset="2" sizcache="0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Current_research"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Current research</span></a> <br/><ul><br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Nanomaterials"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nanomaterials</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Bottom-up_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bottom-up approaches</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Top-down_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Top-down approaches</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Functional_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Functional approaches</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Biomimetic_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Biomimetic approaches</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Speculative"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Speculative</span></a> </li></ul><br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Tools_and_techniques"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Tools and techniques</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" sizset="3" sizcache="0"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Implications"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Implications</span></a> <br/><ul><br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Health_and_environmental_concerns"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Health and environmental concerns</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Regulation"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Regulation</span></a> </li></ul><br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <br/><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <br/></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><br/><script type="text" /><br/>//<![CDATA[<br/>if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } <br/>//]><br/></script><br/><br/><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span></h2><br/><div class="thumb tleft"><br/><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 177px"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C60a.png" class="image"><img class="thumbimage" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/C60a.png/175px-C60a.png" height="171" width="175" alt=""></a> <br/><div class="thumbcaption"><br/><div class="magnify"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C60a.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" width="15" alt=""></a></div>Buckminsterfullerene C<sub>60</sub>, also known as <br/>the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyball">buckyball</a>, <br/>is a representative member of the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">carbon structures</a> known as <a rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a>. Members of the fullerene <br/>family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology <br/>umbrella.</div></div></div></div>
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Jeff Carsonnanotech
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notech", is the study of t
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controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in a
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Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based
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Thomas T"]"
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Nanotechnology, shortened to "nanotech", is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size
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Meleina SegaWiki
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, sometimes s
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d involves developing materials or devices within that size.
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with structures 100 nanometers or smaller, an
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recently developed nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences
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A study at the University of Rochester found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the particles settled in the brain and lungs, which lead to significant increases in biomarkers for inflammation and stress response
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Nanotechnology refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, normally 1 to 100 nanometres, and the fabrication of devices within that size range.
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