List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - The Diigo Meta page

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  • he urge to do the opposite of what someone wants you to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt to constrain your freedom of choice (see also Reverse psychology).
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  • The tendency to avoid options for which missing information makes the probability seem "unknown."^[8]
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  Deviation from rationality and good judgement
  HEURESTICS -- information processing rules
  Distortion of beliefs through WISHFUL THINKING!!
  
  

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  • Consistency bias Incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.
  • Google effect The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines .
  • Hindsight bias The inclination to see past events as being more predictable than they actually were; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
  • Humor effect That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.^{[citation needed]}
  • Picture superiority effect The notion that concepts that are learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than are concepts that are learned by viewing their written word form counterparts.^{[91][92][93][94][95][96]}
  • Positivity effect That older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories.
  • Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered.^[97]

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• 27 Jun 14
  

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  birth commonsense heuristics

  • information-processing rules (i.e. mental shortcuts), called heuristics
  • Availability heuristic The tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events with greater "availability" in memory, which can be influenced by how recent the memories are or how unusual or emotionally charged they may be.^[12]  
  • Availability cascade A self-reinforcing process in which a collective belief gains more and more plausibility through its increasing repetition in public discourse (or "repeat something long enough and it will become true").^[13]  
  • Bandwagon effect The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior.^[15]  
  • Belief bias An effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion.^[17]  
  • Confirmation bias The tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.^[21]  
  • Focusing effect The tendency to place too much importance on one aspect of an event.^[36]  
  • Framing effect Drawing different conclusions from the same information, depending on how or by whom that information is presented.  
  • Hindsight bias Sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, the tendency to see past events as being predictable^[42] at the time those events happened.  
  • Information bias The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.^[50]  
  • Overconfidence effect Excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time.^{[23][59][60][61]}  

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• 31 Mar 14
  

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  psychology

  • Bandwagon effect The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior
  • Belief bias An effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion.
  • Confirmation bias The tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions
  • Congruence bias The tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses
  • Conservatism (Bayesian) The tendency to insufficiently revise one's belief when presented with new evidence
  • Curse of knowledge When better-informed people find it extremely difficult to think about problems from the perspective of lesser-informed people
  • Decoy effect Preferences for either option A or B changes in favor of option B when option C is presented, which is similar to option B but in no way better
  • Distinction bias The tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately
  • Empathy gap The tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others.
  • Endowment effect The fact that people often demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it
  • Experimenter's or expectation bias The tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations
  • Focusing effect The tendency to place too much importance on one aspect of an event
  • Hyperbolic discounting The tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs, where the tendency increases the closer to the present both payoffs are.^[42] Also known as current moment bias, present-bias, and related to Dynamic inconsistency.
  • Illusion of control The tendency to overestimate one's degree of influence over other external events.
  • Illusion of validity Belief that furtherly acquired information generates additional relevant data for predictions, even when it evidently does not
  • Illusory correlation Inaccurately perceiving a relationship between two unrelated events
  • Information bias The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action
  • Insensitivity to sample size The tendency to under-expect variation in small samples
  • Money illusion The tendency to concentrate on the nominal (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power
  • Negativity bias Psychological phenomenon by which humans have a greater recall of unpleasant memories compared with positive memories
  • Normalcy bias The refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before.
  • Observer-expectancy effect When a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it (see also subject-expectancy effect).
  • Outcome bias The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
  • Overconfidence effect Excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time.^{[23][58][59][60]}
  • Post-purchase rationalization The tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value.
  • Reactance The urge to do the opposite of what someone wants you to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt to constrain your freedom of choice (see also Reverse psychology).
  • Reactive devaluation Devaluing proposals only because they are purportedly originated with an adversary.
  • Social comparison bias The tendency, when making hiring decisions, to favour potential candidates who don't compete with one's own particular strengths
  • Status quo bias The tendency to like things to stay relatively the same (see also loss aversion, endowment effect, and system justification)
  • Unit bias The tendency to want to finish a given unit of a task or an item. Strong effects on the consumption of food in particular.^[67]
  • Extrinsic incentives bias An exception to the fundamental attribution error, when people view others as having (situational) extrinsic motivations and (dispositional) intrinsic motivations for oneself
  • Childhood amnesia The retention of few memories from before the age of four.
  • Google effect The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines .

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• 05 Jan 14
  

  ref lective
  • List of cognitive biases

  • Cognitive biases are tendencies to think in certain ways. Cognitive biases can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment, and are often studied in psychology and behavioral economics.

     

    Although the reality of these biases is confirmed by replicable research, there are often controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them.^[1] Some are effects of information-processing rules (i.e. mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Such effects are called cognitive biases.^[2][3] Biases in judgment or decision-making can also result from motivation, such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking. Some biases have a variety of cognitive ("cold") or motivational ("hot") explanations. Both effects can be present at the same time.^[4][5]

     

    There are also controversies as to whether some of these biases count as truly irrational or whether they result in useful attitudes or behavior. For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person.
• 16 Dec 13
  

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  Every so often I read this amazing article on Wikipedia: List of cognitive biases http://t.co/WhE26vdjX6

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  Summary list, with citations, of many cognitive biases that have been identified and studied.

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  • the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people.
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  List of cognitive biases

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• 25 Jun 12
  

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  psychology cognition cognitive bias

  • Decision-making, belief and behavioral biases
  • Ambiguity effect
  • – the tendency to avoid options for which missing information makes the probability seem "unknown."
  • Anchoring – the tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on a past reference or on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (also called "insufficient adjustment").
  • Attentional Bias – the tendency of emotionally dominant stimuli in one's environment to preferentially draw and hold attention and to neglect relevant data when making judgments of a correlation or association.
  • • Availability heuristic – estimating what is more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or emotionally charged examples.
  • Bandwagon effect – the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior.
  • Base rate neglect or Base rate fallacy – the tendency to base judgments on specifics, ignoring general statistical information
  • Belief bias – an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion
  • Choice-supportive bias – the tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were
  • Confirmation bias – the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
  • Conjunction fallacy – the tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than general ones
  • • Focusing effect – the tendency to place too much importance on one aspect of an event; causes error in accurately predicting the utility of a future outcome.^[25]
     
    • Framing effect – drawing different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented.
  • Hyperbolic discounting – the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs, where the tendency increases the closer to the present both payoffs are
  • Illusion of validity – when consistent but predictively weak data leads to confident predictions
  • Illusory correlation – inaccurately perceiving a relationship between two unrelated event
  • • Insensitivity to sample size – the tendency to under-expect variation in small samples
     
    • Irrational escalation – the phenomenon where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong.
  • Knowledge bias – the tendency of people to choose the option they know best rather than the best option.
  • Less-is-better effect – a preference reversal where a dominated smaller set is preferred to a larger set
  • Loss aversion – "the disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it".^[36] (see also Sunk cost effects and endowment effect).
  • Neglect of probability – the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty
  • Recency bias – a cognitive bias that results from disproportionate salience of recent stimuli or observations – the tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events (see also peak-end rule, recency effect).
  • Selective perception – the tendency for expectations to affect perception.
  • Social biases

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• 20 Apr 12
  

  Chris Paizis

  • They are the result of distortions in the human mind that always lead to the same pattern of poor judgment, often triggered by a particular situation
  • A cognitive bias describes a replicable pattern in perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.
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• 21 Feb 12
  

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  Wikipedia's list of cognitive biases. Wikipedia is really good at this sort of listing/collation job, and this is an important one that all humans should study, so they might not jump to conclusions so fast!

• 06 Feb 12
  

  Justin Schober

  Psychologie

• 27 Dec 11
  

  Équipe École 2.0

  "Cognitive bias is a general term that is used to describe many distortions in the human mind that are difficult to eliminate and that lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, or illogical interpretation."

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• 05 Dec 11
  

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• 30 Nov 11
  

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  PSYCH general

  • Anchoring
  • Confirmation bias
  • Endowment effect
  • Focusing effect
  • Framing effect
  • Negativity bias
  • Planning fallacy
  • Status quo bias
  • Anchoring effect
  • Availability heuristic
  • Clustering illusion
  • Hindsight bias
  • Primacy effect
  • overestimate the likelihood of events with greater "availability" in memory,
  • Recency effect
  • Recency bias
  • Fundamental attribution error
  • Halo effect
  • Illusion of transparency

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Page Comments

• 
  Tysen Woodlock on 2007-11-22
  A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgement that occurs in particular situations (see also cognitive distortion and the lists of thinking-related topics).
  Implicit in the concept of a "pattern of deviation" is a standard of
  comparison; this may be the judgement of people outside those
  particular situations, or may be a set of independently verifiable
  facts. The existence of some of these cognitive biases has been
  verified empirically in the field of psychology, others are widespread beliefs, and may themselves be a consequence of cognitive bias.

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