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Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific event
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Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential factors causing an overall effect.
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Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify these sources of variation. The categories typically include
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- People: Anyone involved with the process
- Methods: How the process is performed and the specific requirements for doing it, such as policies, procedures, rules, regulations and laws
- Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc. required to accomplish the job
- Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc. used to produce the final product
- Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality
- Environment: The conditions, such as location, time, temperature, and culture in which the process operates
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Ishikawa diagrams were popularized by Kaoru Ishikawa[3] in the 1960s, who pioneered quality management processes in the Kawasaki shipyards, and in the process became one of the founding fathers of modern management.
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basic concept was first used in the 1920s, and is considered one of the seven basic tools of quality control
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Cause-and-effect diagrams can reveal key relationships among various variables, and the possible causes provide additional insight into process behavior.
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Causes can be derived from brainstorming sessions.
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. Causes can be traced back to root causes with the 5 Whys technique
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original 5 Ms used by the Toyota Production System have been expanded by some to include the following and are referred to as the 8 Ms.
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- Milieu/Mother Nature(Environment)
- Management/Money Power
- Maintenance
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- Product/Service
- Price
- Place
- Promotion
- People/personnel
- Process
- Physical Evidence
7 Ps (used in marketing industry)[edit]
The 7 Ps are primarily used in service marketing.
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- Surroundings
- Suppliers
- Systems
- Skills
- Safet
5 Ss (used in service industry)[edit]
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Ishikawa diagram
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Ishikawa diagram
Cause and effect diagram for defect XXX.svg
One of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality
First described by Kaoru Ishikawa
Purpose To break down (in successive layers of detail) root causes that potentially contribute to a particular effect
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific event.[1][2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify these sources of variation. The categories typically include:
People: Anyone involved with the process
Methods: How the process is performed and the specific requirements for doing it, such as policies, procedures, rules, regulations and laws
Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools etc. required to accomplish the job
Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc. used to produce the final product
Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality
Environment: The conditions, such as location, time, temperature, and culture in which the process operates
Contents
1 Overview
2 Causes
2.1 The 6 Ms (used in manufacturing industry)
2.2 The 7 Ps (used in marketing industry)
2.3 The 5 Ss (used in service industry)
3 Questions to be asked while building a Fishbone Diagram
4 Criticism
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Further reading
7 External links
Overview
Ishikawa diagram, in fishbone shape, showing factors of Equipment, Process, People, Materials, Environment and Management, all affecting the overall problem. Smaller arrows connect the sub-causes to major causes.
Ishikawa diagrams were proposed by Kaoru Ishikawa[3] in the 1960s, who pioneered quality management processes in the Kawasaki shipyards, and in the process became one of the founding fathers of modern management.
It was first used in the 1940s, and is considered one of the seven basic tools of quality control.[4] It is known as a fishbone diagram because of its shape, similar to the side view of a fish skeleton.
Mazda Motors famously used an Ishikawa diagram in the development of the Miata sports car, where the required result was "Jinba Ittai" (Horse and Rider as One — jap. 人馬一体). The main causes included such aspects as "touch" and "braking" with the lesser causes including highly granular factors such as "50/50 weight distribution" and "able to rest elbow on top of driver's door". Every factor identified in the diagram was included in the final design.
Causes
Causes in the diagram are often categorized, such as to the 6 M's, described below. Cause-and-effect diagrams can reveal key relationships among various variables, and the possible causes provide additional insight into process behavior.
Causes can be derived from brainstorming sessions. These groups can then be labeled as categories of the fishbone. They will typically be one of the traditional categories mentioned above but may be something unique to the application in a specific case. Causes can be traced back to root causes with the 5 Whys technique.
Typical categories are:
The 6 Ms (used in manufacturing industry)
Machine (technology)
Method (process)
Material (Includes Raw Material, Consumables and Information.)
Man Power (physical work)/Mind Power (brain work): Kaizens, Suggestions
Measurement (Inspection)
Milieu/Mother Nature (Environment)
The original 6Ms used by the Toyota Production System have been expanded by some to included the following and are referred to as the 8Ms. However, this is not globally recognized. It has been suggested to return to the roots of the tools and to keep the teaching simple while recognizing the original intent, most programs do not address the 8Ms.
Management/Money Power
Maintenance
The 7 Ps (used in marketing industry)
Product=Service
Price
Place
Promotion
People/personnel
Process
Physical Evidence
The 5 Ss (used in service industry)
Surroundings
Suppliers
Systems
Skills
Safety
Questions to be asked while building a Fishbone Diagram
Man/Operator – Was the document properly interpreted? – Was the information properly circulated to all the functions? – Did the recipient understand the information? – Was the proper training to perform the task administered to the person? – Was too much judgment required to perform the task? – Were guidelines for judgment available? – Did the environment influence the actions of the individual? – Are there distractions in the workplace? – Is fatigue a mitigating factor? - Is his work efficiency acceptable? - Is he responsible/accountable? - Is he qualified? - Is he experienced? - Is he medically fit and healthy? – How much experience does the individual have in performing this task? - can he carry out the operation without error?
Machines – Was the correct tool/tooling used? - Does it meet production requirements? - Does it meet process capabilities? – Are files saved with the correct extension to the correct location? – Is the equipment affected by the environment? – Is the equipment being properly maintained (i.e., daily/weekly/monthly preventative maintenance schedule) – Does the software or hardware need to be updated? – Does the equipment or software have the features to support our needs/usage? - Was the machine properly maintained? – Was the machine properly programmed? – Is the tooling/fixturing adequate for the job? – Does the machine have an adequate guard? – Was the equipment used within its capabilities and limitations? – Are all controls including emergency stop button clearly labeled and/or color coded or size differentiated? – Is the equipment the right application for the given job?
Measurement – Does the gauge have a valid calibration date? – Was the proper gauge used to measure the part, process, chemical, compound, etc.? – Was a gauge capability study ever performed? - Do measurements vary significantly from operator to operator? - Do operators have a tough time using the prescribed gauge? - Is the gauge fixturing adequate? – Does the gauge have proper measurement resolution? – Did the environment influence the measurements taken?
Material (Includes Raw Material, Consumables and Information ) – Is all needed information available and accurate? – Can information be verified or cross-checked? – Has any information changed recently / do we have a way of keeping the information up to date? – What happens if we don't have all of the information we need? – Is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) readily available? – Was the material properly tested? – Was the material substituted? – Is the supplier’s process defined and controlled? - Was the raw material defective? - was the raw material the wrong type for the job? – Were quality requirements adequate for the part's function? – Was the material contaminated? – Was the material handled properly (stored, dispensed, used & disposed)?
Method – Was the canister, barrel, etc. labeled properly? – Were the workers trained properly in the procedure? – Was the testing performed statistically significant? – Was data tested for true root cause? – How many “if necessary” and “approximately” phrases are found in this process? – Was this a process generated by an Integrated Product Development (IPD) Team? – Did the IPD Team employ Design for Environmental (DFE) principles? – Has a capability study ever been performed for this process? – Is the process under Statistical Process Control (SPC)? – Are the work instructions clearly written? – Are mistake-proofing devices/techniques employed? – Are the work instructions complete? - Is the work standard upgraded and to current revision? – Is the tooling adequately designed and controlled? – Is handling/packaging adequately specified? – Was the process changed? – Was the design changed? - Are the lighting and ventilation adequate? – Was a process Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA) ever performed? – Was adequate sampling done? – Are features of the process critical to safety clearly spelled out to the Operator?
Environment – Is the process affected by temperature changes over the course of a day? – Is the process affected by humidity, vibration, noise, lighting, etc.? – Does the process run in a controlled environment? – Are associates distracted by noise, uncomfortable temperatures, fluorescent lighting, etc.?
Management - Is management involvement seen? – Inattention to task – Task hazards not guarded properly – Other (horseplay, inattention....) – Stress demands – Lack of Process – Training or education lacking – Poor employee involvement – Poor recognition of hazard – Previously identified hazards were not eliminated
Criticism
In a discussion of the nature of a cause it is customary to distinguish between necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of an event. A necessary condition for the occurrence of a specified event is a circumstance in whose absence the event cannot occur. A sufficient condition is a circumstance in whose presence the event must occur.[5] Ishikawa diagrams have been criticized for failing to make the distinction between necessary conditions and sufficient conditions. It seems that Ishikawa was not even aware of this distinction.[6]
See also
Portal icon Thinking portal
Seven Basic Tools of Quality
Five whys
References
^ Ishikawa, Kaoru, Guide to Quality Control (Japanese): Gemba No QC Shuho (1968) by JUSE Press, Ltd., Tokyo
^ Ishikawa, Kaoru, Guide to Quality Control, Asian Productivity Organization, UNIPUB, 1976, ISBN 92-833-1036-5
^ Hankins, Judy (2001). Infusion Therapy in Clinical Practice. pp. 42.
^ Nancy R. Tague (2004). "Seven Basic Quality Tools". The Quality Toolbox. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: American Society for Quality. p. 15. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
^ Copi, Irving M. (1968) Introduction to Logic, Third Edition. Macmillian. New York. p.322
^ Gregory, Frank Hutson (1992) Cause, Effect, Efficiency & Soft Systems Models, Warwick Business School Research Paper No. 42 (ISSN 0265-5976), later published in Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol. 44 (4), pp 333-344.
Further reading
Ishikawa, Kaoru (1990); (Translator: J. H. Loftus); Introduction to Quality Control; 448 p; ISBN 4-906224-61-X OCLC 61341428
Dale, Barrie G. et al. (2007); Managing Quality 5th ed; ISBN 978-1-4051-4279-3 OCLC 288977828
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ishikawa diagrams
Article from HCI Australia on Cause and Effect Diagrams
Example Ishikawa diagram template
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Categories:
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minőséggondozás minőségbiztosítás ISO problémamegoldás Ishikawa halszálka fishbone visualization diagram
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Causes
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Equipment, Process, People, Materials, Environment, and Management
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box at the right hand side, where the effect to be examined is written
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A generic Ishikawa diagram showing general (red) and more refined (blue) causes for an event.
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The Ishikawa diagram is a graphical method for finding the most likely causes for an undesired effect. The method was first used by Kaoru Ishikawa in the 1960s.
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10 Jul 06
paul caseyThe Ishikawa diagram is a graphical method for finding the most likely causes for an undesired effect. The method was first used by Kaoru Ishikawa in the 1960s.
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