This link has been bookmarked by 34 people . It was first bookmarked on 09 Jul 2008, by At the Money.
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31 May 15
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24 Oct 14
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05 Aug 14
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history of printing goes back to the duplication of images by means of stamps
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The printing press is considered one of the most important inventions in history.
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plays an important role in promoting literacy
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Digital printing is the reproduction of digital images on a physical surface
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Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object.
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3D printers typically work by 'printing' successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three dimensional object.
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26 Jul 14
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The world's earliest woodblock printed fragments to survive are from China and are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from the Han Dynasty (before AD 220 )
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It reached Europe, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards.
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In Buddhism, great merit is thought to accrue from copying and preserving texts.
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This ‘cult of the book’ led to techniques for reproducing texts in great numbers, especially the short prayers or charms known as dhāraṇī-s. Stamps were carved for printing these prayers on clay tablets from at least the seventh century,
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Around the mid-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type
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Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches
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It is traditionally summarized that Johannes Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz, developed European movable type printing technology around 1439[12] and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began. However, the details show a more complex evolutionary process spread over multiple locations.
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Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page-setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts
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Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than previously used water-based inks
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Gutenberg was also the first to make his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, known as type metal, printer's lead, or printer's metal, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books
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The invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production leading to the spread of knowledge.
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By 1800, Lord Stanhope had constructed a press completely from cast iron, reducing the force required by 90% while doubling the size of the printed area.[16] While Stanhope's "mechanical theory" had improved the efficiency of the press, it still was only capable of 250 sheets per hour
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As a method of creating reproductions for mass consumption, The printing press has been superseded by the advent of offset printing.
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Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution.
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- Cooperative associations/publication syndicates—a number of individuals shared the risks associated with printing and shared in the profit. This was pioneered by the French.[citation needed]
- Subscription publishing—pioneered by the English in the early 17th century.[citation needed] A prospectus for a publication was drawn up by a publisher to raise funding. The prospectus was given to potential buyers who signed up for a copy. If there were not enough subscriptions the publication did not go ahead. Lists of subscribers were included in the books as endorsements. If enough people subscribed a reprint might occur. Some authors used subscription publication to bypass the publisher entirely.
- Installment publishing—books were issued in parts until a complete book had been issued. This was not necessarily done with a fixed time period. It was an effective method of spreading cost over a period of time. It also allowed earlier returns on investment to help cover production costs of subsequent installments.
1500–1700: Publishers developed several new methods of funding projects.
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A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the impressions are carved around a cylinder so that the printing can be done on long continuous rolls of paper, cardboard, plastic, or a large number of other substrates
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the positive part of an image would be a hydrophobic chemical, while the negative image would be water. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a compatible ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image and the water will clean the negative image.
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High-volume lithography is used today to produce posters, maps, books, newspapers, and packaging — just about any smooth, mass-produced item with print and graphics on it.
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Chromolithography became the most successful of several methods of colour printing developed by the 19th century
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he initial technique involved the use of multiple lithographic stones, one for each color
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cheaper prints could be produced by simplifying both the number of colors used, and the refinement of the detail in the image
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A flexo print is achieved by creating a mirrored master of the required image as a 3D relief in a rubber or polymer material. A measured amount of ink is deposited upon the surface of the printing plate (or printing cylinder) using an anilox roll. The print surface then rotates, contacting the print material which transfers the ink.
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Most noteworthy was the role the laser printer played in popularizing desktop publishing with the introduction of the Apple LaserWriter for the Apple Macintosh, along with Aldus PageMaker software, in 1985. With these products, users could create documents that would previously have required professional typesetting.
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- Every impression made onto the paper can be different, as opposed to making several hundred or thousand impressions of the same image from one set of printing plates, as in traditional methods.
- The Ink or Toner does not absorb into the substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a layer on the surface and may be fused to the substrate by using an inline fuser fluid with heat process(toner) or UV curing process(ink).
- It generally requires less waste in terms of chemicals used and paper wasted in set up or makeready(bringing the image "up to color" and checking position).
- It is excellent for rapid prototyping, or small print runs which means that it is more accessible to a wider range of designers and more cost effective in short runs.
Digital printing is the reproduction of digital images on a physical surface, such as common or photographic paper or paperboard-cover stock, film, cloth, plastic, vinyl, magnets, labels etc.
It can be differentiated from litho, flexography, gravure or letterpress printing in many ways, some of which are;
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21 Oct 13
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25 Jun 13
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24 Feb 13
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Block printing was long practised in Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300.
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Around the mid-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with movable type.
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It is traditionally summarized that Johannes Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz, developed European movable type printing technology around 1439[7] and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began. However, the details show a more complex evolutionary process spread over multiple locations.[8] Also, Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer experimented with Gutenberg in Mainz.
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The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world.
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Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than previously used water-based inks.
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Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution.
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Apprentices, usually between the ages of 15 and 20, worked for master printers. Apprentices were not required to be literate, and literacy rates at the time were very low, in comparison to today
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08 Nov 12
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By the sixteenth century jobs associated with printing were becoming increasingly specialized
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21 Sep 12
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The history of printing started around 3000 BC with the duplication of images.
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13 Mar 12
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The earliest woodblock printed fragments are from China.
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Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate
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Flexography
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07 Mar 12
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The history of printing started around 3000 BCE (before common era) with the duplication of images.
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In both China and Egypt, the use of small stamps for seals preceded the use of larger blocks.
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Egypt, Europe and India, the printing of cloth certainly preceded the printing of paper or papyrus
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The technology of printing on cloth in China was adapted to paper under the influence of Buddhism which mandated the circulation of standard translations over a wide area, as well as the production of multiple copies of key texts for religious reasons.
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Stamps were carved for printing these prayers on clay tablets from at least the seventh century, the date of the oldest surviving examples.
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Block printing was long practised in Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300
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Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches.
-
developed European movable type printing technology around 1439[8] and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began.
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Others in Europe were developing movable type at this time, including goldsmith Procopius Waldfoghel of France and Laurens Janszoon Coster of the Netherlands.[8]
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Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution. S
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Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in the 1960s, and over the following 20 years it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax
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he laser printer, based on a modified xerographic copier, was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather, who had a fully functional networked printer system working by 1971.[18][19] Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox.
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05 Mar 12
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03 Mar 12
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Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution. Some master printing houses, like that of Aldus Manutius, became the cultural center for literati such as Erasmus.
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By the sixteenth century jobs associated with printing were becoming increasingly specialized. Structures supporting publishers were more and more complex, leading to this division of labour. In Europe between 1500 and 1700 the role of the Master Printer was dying out and giving way to the bookseller—publisher. Printing during this period had a stronger commercial imperative than previously. Risks associated with the industry however were substantial, although dependent on the nature of the publication.
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- Cooperative associations/publication syndicates—a number of individuals shared the risks associated with printing and shared in the profit. This was pioneered by the French.[citation needed]
- Subscription publishing—pioneered by the English in the early 17th century.[citation needed] A prospectus for a publication was drawn up by a publisher to raise funding. The prospectus was given to potential buyers who signed up for a copy. If there were not enough subscriptions the publication did not go ahead. Lists of subscribers were included in the books as endorsements. If enough people subscribed a reprint might occur. Some authors used subscription publication to bypass the publisher entirely.
- Installment publishing—books were issued in parts until a complete book had been issued. This was not necessarily done with a fixed time period. It was an effective method of spreading cost over a period of time. It also allowed earlier returns on investment to help cover production costs of subsequent installments.
1500–1700: Publishers developed several new methods of funding projects.
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The use of round "cylinder seals" for rolling an impress onto clay tablets goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3000 BC, where they are the most common works of art to survive, and feature complex and beautiful images
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The earliest woodblock printed fragments are from China.
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hey used color from plants and flowers such as indigo (which extracts blue). Stencils were used for mass publications, as the type didn't have to be hand-written.
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Early printing houses (near the time of Gutenberg) were run by "master printers." These printers owned shops, selected and edited manuscripts, determined the sizes of print runs, sold the works they produced, raised capital and organized distribution. Some master printing houses, like that of Aldus Manutius, became the cultural center for literati such as Erasmus.
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frescography is a method for reproduction/creation of murals using digital printing methods.
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Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. 3D printing is a category of rapid prototyping technology. 3D printers typically work by 'printing' successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three dimensional object. 3D printers are generally faster, more affordable and easier to use than other additive fabrication technologies.[20]
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29 Feb 12
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The use of round "cylinder seals" for rolling an impress onto clay tablets goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3000 BC
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28 Feb 12
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The technology of printing on cloth in China was adapted to paper under the influence of Buddhism which mandated the circulation of standard translations over a wide area, as well as the production of multiple copies of key texts for religious reasons.
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In Buddhism, great merit is thought to accrue from copying and preserving texts , the fourth-century master, listing the copying of scripture as the first of ten essential religious practices. The importance of perpetuating texts is set out with special force in the larger Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra which not only urges the devout to hear, learn, remember and study the text but to obtain a good copy and to preserve it. This ‘cult of the book’ led to techniques for reproducing texts in great numbers, especially the short prayers or charms known as dhāraṇī-s. Stamps were carved for printing these prayers on clay tablets from at least the seventh century, the date of the oldest surviving examples.[4] Especially popular was the Pratītyasamutpāda Gāthā, a short verse text summing up Nāgārjuna's philosophy of causal genesis or dependent origination. Nagarjuna lived in the early centuries of the current era and the Buddhist Creed, as the Gāthā is frequently called, was printed on clay tablets in huge numbers from the sixth century. This tradition was transmitted to China and Tibet with Buddhism. Printing text from woodblocks does not, however, seem to have been developed in India.
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17 Jan 12
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16 Sep 11
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06 Mar 11
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02 Mar 11
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08 Dec 09
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31 Mar 09
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16 Sep 08
Randi Trzesinskiwith links to entries on various types of printing
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09 Jul 08
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07 Jun 08
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08 Oct 07
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