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12 Mar 16
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29 Apr 15
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even just with the collection of qualitative data.
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begin with a question,
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As more data is collected, and as data is re-reviewed, codes can be grouped into concepts, and then into categories.
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These categories may become the basis for new theory.
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a way of thinking about and conceptualizing data.
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13 Feb 15
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However, although working with probabilities, most GT studies are considered as qualitative since statistical methods are not used, and figures are not presented. The results of GT are not a reporting of statistically significant probabilities but a set of probability statements about the relationship between concepts, or an integrated set of conceptual hypotheses developed from empirical data (Glaser 1998). Validity in its traditional sense is consequently not an issue in GT, which instead should be judged by fit, relevance, workability, and modifiability (Glaser & Strauss 1967, Glaser 1978, Glaser 1998).
Fit has to do with how closely concepts fit with the incidents they are representing, and this is related to how thorough the constant comparison of incidents to concepts was done.
Relevance. A relevant study deals with the real concern of participants, evokes "grab" (captures the attention) and is not only of academic interest.
Workability. The theory works when it explains how the problem is being solved with much variation.
Modifiability. A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to existing data. A GT is never right or wrong, it just has more or less fit, relevance, workability and modifiability.
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A later version of GT called constructivist GT, which was rooted in pragmatism and relativist epistemology, assumes that neither data nor theories are discovered, but are constructed by the researcher as a result of his or her interactions with the field and its participants.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Data are co-constructed by researcher and participants, and colored by the researcher’s perspectives, values, privileges, positions, interactions, and geographical locations. This position takes a middle ground between the realist and postmodernist positions by assuming an “obdurate reality” at the same time as it assumes multiple realities and multiple perspectives on these realities. Within this approach, Thornberg has discussed the problems of delaying literature review until the end of the research process, and has highlighted how to use literature in a constructive and data-sensitive way without forcing it on data.[24]
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These authors also suggest that it is impossible to free oneself of preconceptions in the collection and analysis of data in the way that Glaser and Strauss say is necessary.
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31 Jan 15
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04 Nov 14
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Rather than beginning with a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make the data more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis. This contradicts the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the phenomenon to be studied.[3]
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Four stages of analysis[edit]
Stage Purpose Codes Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered Concepts Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped Categories Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory Theory A collection of categories that detail the subject of the research -
In most behavioral research endeavors, persons or patients are units of analysis, whereas in GT the unit of analysis is the incident.[6] Typically several hundred incidents are analyzed in a grounded theory study since usually every participant reports many incidents.
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Validity in its traditional sense is consequently not an issue in GT, which instead should be judged by fit, relevance, workability, and modifiability (Glaser & Strauss 1967, Glaser 1978, Glaser 1998).
Fit has to do with how closely concepts fit with the incidents they are representing, and this is related to how thorough the constant comparison of incidents to concepts was done.
Relevance. A relevant study deals with the real concern of participants, evokes "grab" (captures the attention) and is not only of academic interest.
Workability. The theory works when it explains how the problem is being solved with much variation.
Modifiability. A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to existing data. A GT is never right or wrong, it just has more or less fit, relevance, workability and modifiability.
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01 Nov 14
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24 Oct 14
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24 Sep 14
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26 May 14
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19 May 14
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16 Apr 14
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10 Apr 14
Trey MitchellGrounded theory method (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of theory through the analysis of data.[1][2] Grounded theory method is a research method which operates almost in a reverse fashion from tradit...
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25 Feb 14
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20 Feb 14
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12 Jan 14
Robin CicchettiGood overview of grounded theory and process of theory development. Follow up on Glaser citations.
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15 Dec 13
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Another goal of a grounded theory study is to discover the participants’ main concern and how they continually try to resolve it.
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"What’s going on?" and "What is the main problem of the participants, and how are they trying to solve it?"
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In most behavioral research endeavors, persons or patients are units of analysis, whereas in GT the unit of analysis is the incident
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Validity in its traditional sense is consequently not an issue in GT, which instead should be judged by fit, relevance, workability, and modifiability (Glaser & Strauss 1967, Glaser 1978, Glaser 1998).
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Open coding
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The core explains the behavior of the participants in resolving their main concern.
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Selective coding is done after having found the core variable or what is thought to be the core, the tentative core. T
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Without memoing the theory is superficial and the concepts generated not very original.
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n the next step memos are sorted, which is the key to formulate the theory for presentation to others.
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Writing up the sorted memo piles follows after sorting, and at this stage the theory is close to the written GT product. The different categories are now related to each other and the core variable. The theoretical density should be dosed so concepts are mixed with description in words, tables, or figures to optimize readability.
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No pre-research literature review. Studying the literature of the area under study gives preconceptions about what to find and the researcher gets desensitized by borrowed concepts.
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ince their original publication in 1967, Glaser and Strauss have disagreed on how to apply the grounded theory method, resulting in a split between Straussian and Glaserian paradigms.
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According to Kelle (2005), "the controversy between Glaser and Strauss boils down to the question of whether the researcher uses a well defined 'coding paradigm' and always looks systematically for 'causal conditions,' 'phenomena/context, intervening conditions, action strategies' and 'consequences' in the data, or whether theoretical codes are employed as they emerge in the same way as substantive codes emerge, but drawing on a huge fund of 'coding families.'
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The Glaserian method is not a qualitative research method, but claims the dictum "all is data". This means that not only interview or observational data but also surveys or statistical analyses or "whatever comes the researcher's way while studying a substantive area" (Glaser quote)
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Generally speaking, grounded theory is an approach for looking systematically at (mostly) qualitative data (like transcripts of interviews or protocols of observations) aiming at the generation of theory. Sometimes, grounded theory is seen as a qualitative method, but grounded theory reaches farther: it combines a specific style of research (or a paradigm) with pragmatic theory of action and with some methodological guidelines
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A later version of GT called constructivist GT, rooted in pragmatism and relativist epistemology, assumes that neither data nor theories are discovered, but are constructed by the researcher as a result of his or her interactions with the field and its participants
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Data are co-constructed by researcher and participants, and colored by the researcher’s perspectives, values, privileges, positions, interactions, and geographical locations
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23 Sep 13
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09 Jul 13
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Stage Purpose Codes Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered Concepts Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped Categories Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory Theory A collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research
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17 Jun 13
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This contradicts the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the phenomenon to be studied
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11 Jan 13
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05 Sep 12
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12 Jul 12
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the discovery of theory through the analysis of data.
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It is mainly used in qualitative research
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operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional social science research.
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Rather than beginning with a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods.
-
From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text.
-
The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable.
-
From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory
-
One goal is to formulate hypotheses based on conceptual ideas.
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questions the researcher repeatedly asks in grounded theory are "What’s going on?" and "What is the main problem of the participants and how are they trying to solve it?"
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Grounded theory method does not aim for the "truth" but to conceptualize what's going on by using empirical research.
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the researcher does not formulate the hypotheses in advance since preconceived hypotheses result in a theory that is ungrounded from the data.
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Instead it has the goal of generating concepts that explain the way that people resolve their central concerns regardless of time and place.
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If the researcher's goal is accurate description, then another method should be chosen since grounded theory is not a descriptive method.
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most GT studies are considered as qualitative since statistical methods are not used, and figures not presented.
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04 Jul 12
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25 Jun 12
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05 Jun 12
christopherritterGrounded theory method (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of theory through the analysis of data. It is mainly used in qualitative research, but is also applicable to quantitative data.
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26 May 12
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One goal is to formulate hypotheses based on conceptual ideas.
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Another goal of a grounded theory study is to discover the participants’ main concern and how they continually try to resolve it.
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"What’s going on?"
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"What is the main problem of the participants and how are they trying to solve it?"
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In a way grounded theory method resembles what many researchers do when retrospectively formulating new hypotheses to fit data
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Grounded theory method does not aim for the "truth" but to conceptualize what's going on by using empirical research.
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If the researcher's goal is accurate description, then another method should be chosen since grounded theory is not a descriptive method.
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The use of description in a theory generated by the grounded theory method is mainly to illustrate concepts.
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There are typically several hundred incidents analyzed in a grounded theory study since usually every participant reports many incidents.
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In most behavioral research endeavors persons or patients are units of analysis, whereas in GT the unit of analysis is the incident.
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15 Feb 12
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mainly used in qualitative research,
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systematic methodology
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also applicable to quantitative data
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generation of theory from data
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a research method
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operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research
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may appear to be in contradiction to the scientific method
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the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the tex
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the first step is data collection
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creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis
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codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable
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From these concepts, categories are formed
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contradicts the traditional model of research
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Grounded theory was developed by two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
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a split in the theory between Straussian and Glaserian paradigms
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According to Kelle (2005), "the controversy between Glaser and Strauss boils down to the question of whether the researcher uses a well defined 'coding paradigm' and always looks systematically for 'causal conditions,' 'phenomena/context, intervening conditions, action strategies' and 'consequences' in the data, or whether theoretical codes are employed as they emerge in the same way as substantive codes emerge, but drawing on a huge fund of 'coding families
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linked to a certain micro-sociological perspective.
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All is data is a fundamental property of GT which means that everything that gets in the researcher’s way when studying a certain area is data
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No pre-research literature review, no taping and no talk
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(www.groundedtheory.com
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the journal, "The Grounded Theory Review.
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Grounded theory according to Glaser emphasizes induction or emergence, and the individual researcher's creativity within a clear frame of stages, while Strauss is more interested in validation criteria and a systematic approach
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17 Dec 11
daddy sucroseGrounded theory is a research method, which operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research and at first sight may appear to be in contradiction to the scientific method. Rather than beginning with a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis. This contradicts the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the phenomenon to be studied.[3]
Research ResearchDesign ResearchMethods GroundedTheory QualitativeResearch Scanning GlobalScanning SenseMaking
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09 Dec 11
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27 Nov 11
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06 Nov 11
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05 Nov 11
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04 Nov 11
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Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the generation of theory from data.[1] It is mainly used in qualitative research, but is also applicable to quantitative data.[2]
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Grounded theory is a research method, which operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research and at first may appear to be in contradiction to the scientific method. Rather than beginning with a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods (Nowell). From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis. This contradicts the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the phenomenon to be studied.[3]
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Four stages of analysis
Stage Purpose Codes Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered Concepts Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped Categories Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory Theory A collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research -
Development
Grounded theory was developed by two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. Their collaboration in research on dying hospital patients led them to write the book Awareness of Dying. In this research they developed the constant comparative method, later known as Grounded Theory.[4]
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Split in methodology
Since their original publication in 1967, Glaser and Strauss have disagreed on how to conduct grounded theory, resulting in a split in the theory between Straussian and Glaserian paradigms.
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Goals of grounded theory
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One goal is to formulate hypotheses based on conceptual ideas
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Grounded theory is a systematic generation of theory from data that contains both inductive and deductive thinking.
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Others may try to verify the hypotheses that are generated by constantly comparing conceptualized data on different levels of abstraction, and these comparisons contain deductive steps
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Another goal of a grounded theory study is to discover the participants’ main concern and how they continually try to resolve it
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The questions the researcher repeatedly asks in grounded theory are "What’s going on?" and "What is the main problem of the participants and how are they trying to solve it?" These questions will be answered by the core variable and its subcores and properties in due course.
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conceptualize what's going on by using empirical data
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Grounded theory does not aim for the "truth"
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in grounded theory the researcher does not formulate the hypotheses in advance since preformed hypotheses are prohibited.
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it has the goal of generating concepts that explain people’s actions regardless of time and place
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in GT the unit of analysis is the incident.
-
GT is not a qualitative method but a general method that can use any kind of data even if qualitative at the moment are most popular (Glaser, 2001, 2003)
-
The results of GT are not a reporting of statistically significant probabilities but a set of probability statements about the relationship between concepts, or an integrated set of conceptual hypotheses developed from empirical data (Glaser 1998).
-
Validity in its traditional sense is consequently not an issue in GT, which instead should be judged by fit, relevance, workability, and modifiability (Glaser & Strauss 1967, Glaser 1978, Glaser 1998).
Fit has to do with how closely concepts fit with the incidents they are representing, and this is related to how thoroughly the constant comparison of incidents to concepts was done.
Relevance. A relevant study deals with the real concern of participants, evokes "grab" (captures the attention) and is not only of academic interest.
Workability. The theory works when it explains how the problem is being solved with much variation.
Modifiability. A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to existing data. A GT is never right or wrong, it just has more or less fit, relevance, workability and modifiability.
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14 Apr 11
Nadia Dresschermarked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a re
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30 Mar 11
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05 Feb 11
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Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in the social sciences emphasizing generation of theory from data in the process of conducting research.[1]
It is a research method that operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research and at first may appear to be in contradiction of the scientific method. Rather than beginning by researching and developing a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis. This contradicts the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the studied phenomenon.[2]
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Codes Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered Concepts Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped Categories Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory Theory A collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research -
The questions you keep on asking in GT are "What’s going on?" and "What is the main problem of the participants and how are they trying to solve it?"
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In a way GT resembles what many researchers do when retrospectively formulating new hypotheses to fit data. However, in GT the researcher does not pretend to have formulated the hypotheses in advance since preformed hypotheses are prohibited (Glaser & Strauss 1967).
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Consequently, GT is not a qualitative method but a general method that can use any kind of data even if qualitative at the moment are most popular (Glaser, 2001, 2003). However, although working with probabilities, most GT studies are considered as qualitative since statistical methods are not used, and figures not presented
-
Validity in its traditional sense is consequently not an issue in GT, which instead should be judged by fit, relevance, workability, and modifiability (Glaser & Strauss 1967, Glaser 1978, Glaser 1998).
Fit has to do with how closely concepts fit with the incidents they are representing, and this is related to how thoroughly the constant comparison of incidents to concepts was done.
Relevance. A relevant study deals with the real concern of participants, evokes "grab" (captures the attention) and is not only of academic interest.
Workability. The theory works when it explains how the problem is being solved with much variation.
Modifiability. A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to existing data. A GT is never right or wrong, it just has more or less fit, relevance, workability and modifiability.
[edit]
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Critiques of grounded theory have focused on its status as theory (is what is produced really 'theory'?)
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31 Oct 10
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17 Oct 10
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08 Aug 10
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23 Jun 10
Nick GallGenerally speaking, grounded theory is an approach for looking systematically at (mostly) qualitative data (like transcripts of interviews or protocols of observations) aiming at the generation of theory.
This approach was written down and systematized invia_delicious_20101217 abduction pragmatism pinboardimport20141106
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14 Jun 10
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The writing must be an instrument for outflow of ideas, and nothing else. When you write memos the ideas become more realistic, being converted from thoughts in your mind to words, and thus ideas communicable to the afterworld.
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16 May 10
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05 Feb 10
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17 Jan 10
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10 Dec 09
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03 Dec 09
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11 Nov 09
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08 Sep 09
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10 Aug 09
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17 Jun 09
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Fit has to do with how closely concepts fit with the incidents they are representing, and this is related to how thoroughly the constant comparison of incidents to concepts was done.
Relevance. A relevant study deals with the real concern of participants, evokes "grab" (captures the attention) and is not only of academic interest.
Workability. The theory works when it explains how the problem is being solved with much variation.
Modifiability. A modifiable theory can be altered when new relevant data is compared to existing data. A GT is never right or wrong, it just has more or less fit, relevance, workability and modifiability.
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15 Jun 09
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19 May 09
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From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis
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16 May 09
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25 Apr 09
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06 Apr 09
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Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in the social sciences emphasizing generation of theory from data in the process of conducting research
-
It is a research method that operates almost in a reverse fashion to traditional research and at first may appear to be in contradiction of the scientific method. Rather than beginning by researching & developing a hypothesis, a variety of data collection methods are the first step. From the data collected from this first step, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. The codes are grouped into similar concepts, in order to make them more workable. From these concepts categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, or a reverse engineered hypothesis. This contradicts the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses a theoretical framework, and only then applies this model to the studied phenomenon[1]
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05 Feb 09
Dave DuarteA qualitative research methodology used by some of the EMBA students
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16 Sep 08
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systematic qualitative research methodology in the social sciences emphasizing generation of theory from data in the process of conducting research.
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operates almost in a reverse fashion
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31 Jan 08
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19 Jul 06
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