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02 Mar 15
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systematic study of people and cultures.
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designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study
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means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group
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Ethnographic studies focus on large cultural group of people who interact over time
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researcher explains about shared learnt patterns of values, behaviour, beliefs, and language of a culture shared by a group of people.
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Two popular forms of ethnography are realist ethnography and critical ethnography.
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raditional approach used by cultural anthropologists.
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reflects a particular instance taken by the researcher toward the individual being studied
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composed from a third persons perspective by getting the data from the members on the site.
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uses standard categories for cultural description
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creators advocate for the liberation of gatherings which are marginalized in society
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politically minded people who look for, through their exploration to take a stand in opposition to disparity and mastery
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Involves investigation of very few cases, maybe just one case
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Often involves working with primarily unconstructed data. This data had not been coded at the point of data collection in terms of a closed set of analytic categories
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Emphasises on exploring social phenomenon rather than testing hypotheses.
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interpretation of the functions and meanings of human actions
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describing the culture of a group in very detailed and complex manner
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field-based.
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personalized
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s multifactorial
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conducted in such a way to use an accumulation of descriptive detail to build toward general patterns or explanatory theories
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inductive
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conducted by researcher whose conclusions and interpretations can be commented upon by those under study
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dialogic.
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holistic
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yield the fullest possible portrait of the group
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11 Oct 14
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22 Sep 14
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systematic study of people and cultures
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designed to explore cultural phenomena
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the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study
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means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group
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"double meaning
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become popular in the social sciences in general—sociology,[5] communication studies, history—wherever people study ethnic groups, formations, compositions, resettlements, social welfare characteristics, materiality, spirituality, and a people's ethnogenesis
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pioneered in the biological, social, and cultural branches of anthropology
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In all cases it should be reflexive, make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader, and express a credible reality
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Father of History
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Herodotus
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may have produced the first ethnographic works.
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of people (informants) in "naturally occurring settings"
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meant to capture the "social meanings and ordinary activities"
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The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias on the data
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Multiple methods of data collection may be employed to facilitate a relationship that allows for a more personal and in-depth portrait of the informants and their community
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participant observation, field notes, interviews, and surveys
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provide insight into the research topic
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anthropology focuses more on the study of people in urban settings and the use of kinship charts is seldom employed.
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researchers creating ethnographies often attempt to be "reflexive"
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"to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research"
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Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased
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electing knowledgeable informants who know the activities of the community well
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informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community
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often using chain sampling
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elies greatly on up-close, personal experience.
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Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process
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ange from a realist perspective, in which behavior is observed, to a constructivist perspective where understanding is socially constructed by the researcher and subjects.
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02 Jul 14
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An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group.
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Ethnography, as the empirical data on human societies and cultures, was pioneered in the biological, social, and cultural branches of anthropology but has also become popular in the social sciences in general—sociology,[5] communication studies, h
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The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of their own bias on the data
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ultiple methods of data collection may be employed to facilitate a relationship that allows for a more personal and in-depth portrait of the informants and their community. These can include participant observation, field notes, interviews, and surveys. Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking, but with all information available later for full analysis. Secondary research and document analysis are also employed to provide insight into the research topic. In the past kinship charts were commonly used to "discover logical patterns and social structure in non-Western societies".[11] However anthropology today focuses more on the study of urban settings and the use of kinship charts is seldom employed.
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e "reflexive". Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research".[12] Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased, which has provided a basis to criticize ethnography.
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who know the activities of the community well.[13] These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using chain sampling
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knowledgeable informants
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- Substantive Contribution: "Does the piece contribute to our understanding of social-life?"
- Aesthetic Merit: "Does this piece succeed aesthetically?"
- Reflexivity: "How did the author come to write this text…Is there adequate self-awareness and self-exposure for the reader to make judgments about the point of view?"[37]
- Impact: "Does this affect me? Emotionally? Intellectually?" Does it move me?
- Expresses a Reality: "Does it seem 'true'—a credible account of a cultural, social, individual, or communal sense of the 'real'?"
Evaluating ethnography[edit]
Ethnographic methodology is not usually evaluated in terms of philosophical standpoint (such as positivism and emotionalism). Ethnographic studies nonetheless need to be evaluated in some manner. While there is no consensus on evaluation standards, Richardson (2000, p. 254)[36] provides 5 criteria that ethnographers might find helpful. Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein's (1997) monograph "The New Language of Qualitative Method" discusses forms of ethnography in terms of their "methods talk."
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- "The kindly ethnographer" – Most ethnographers present themselves as being more sympathetic than they actually are, which aids in the research process, but is also deceptive. The identity that we present to subjects is different from who we are in other circumstances.
- "The friendly ethnographer" – Ethnographers operate under the assumption that they should not dislike anyone. In actuality, when hated individuals are found within research, ethnographers often crop them out of the findings.[48]
- "The honest ethnographer"
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- The groups should combine symbolic meanings with patterns of interaction.
- Observe the world from the point of view of the subject, while maintaining the distinction between everyday and scientific perceptions of reality.
- Link the group's symbols and their meanings with the social relationships.
- Record all behaviour.
- Methodology should highlight phases of process, change, and stability.
- The act should be a type of symbolic interactionism.
- Use concepts that would avoid casual explanations.
According to Norman K. Denzin, the following eight principles should be considered when observing, recording, and sampling data:
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20 May 14
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23 Apr 14
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03 Apr 14
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Data collection methods
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Data collection methods
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The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of their own bias on the data
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19 Feb 14
Peter Lahiff"In order to make the data collection and interpretation transparent, researchers creating ethnographies often attempt to be "reflexive." Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research". Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased, which has provided a basis to criticize ethnography.
Traditionally, the ethnographer focuses attention on a community, selecting knowledgeable informants who know the activities of the community well. These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using chain sampling. This process is often effective in revealing common cultural denominators connected to the topic being studied. Ethnography relies greatly on up-close, personal experience. Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process. Ethnography is very useful in social research.
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Yabena, Yanow, Wels, and Kamsteeg (2010) examined the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography. Ethnographic research can range from a realist perspective in which behavior is observed to a constructivist perspective where understanding is socially constructed by the researcher and subjects. Research can range from an objectivist account of fixed, observable behaviors to an interpretivist narrative describing "the interplay of individual agency and social structure.""concepts ethnography anthropology data collection reflexivity community participation observation social realist constructivist objectivist interpretivist
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11 Nov 13
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08 Oct 13
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Ethnography relies greatly on up-close, personal experience. Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process
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14 Sep 13
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18 Aug 13
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qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena
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23 Jul 13
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Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos "folk, people" and γράφω grapho "to write") is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena. The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group.[1][2][3] An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a people.
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27 Jun 13
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24 Jun 13
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In order to make the data collection and interpretation transparent, researchers creating ethnographies often attempt to be "reflexive." Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research".[11] Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased, which has provided a basis to criticize ethnography.
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The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography
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10 Jun 13
Julia LewisFind a new way of thinking and exploring through ethnography.
ethnography research anthropology wikipedia ideas unietd education teaching method
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22 Mar 13
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qualitative research design
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the culture of a people.
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bserves the world (the study) from the point of view of the subject
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records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations using concepts that avoid casual explanations.
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social meanings and ordinary activities" [8] of people
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"naturally occurring settings
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participant observation, field notes, interviews, and surveys
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10 Mar 13
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Ethnography
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field study
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case report
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23 Feb 13
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Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena
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eflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group
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16 Jan 13
David McGavockWhat if we used the approach of Ethnographer to guide us in our understanding of preschool "culture"
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communication studies
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should be reflexive, make a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader, and express a credible reality
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from the point of view of the subject (not the participant ethnographer)
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records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations using concepts that avoid casual explanations.
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Data collection methods are meant to capture the "social meanings and ordinary activities" [8] of people (informants) in "naturally occurring settings"
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collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of their own bias on the data.
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Multiple methods of data collection may be employed to facilitate a relationship that allows for a more personal and in-depth portrait of the informants and their community.
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Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking,
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participant observation, field notes, interviews, and surveys.
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Secondary research and document analysis are also employed to provide insight into the research topic.
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Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research"
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the ethnographer focuses attention on a community, selecting knowledgeable informants who know the activities of the community well.
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Ethnography relies greatly on up-close, personal experience. Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process
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19 Nov 12
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The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of their own bias on the data
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transcribed,
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participant observation, field notes, interviews, and surveys
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no researcher can be totally unbiased, which has provided a basis to criticize ethnography.
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These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using chain sampling
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This process is often effective in revealing common cultural denominators connected to the
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topic being studied.[1
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Fine maintains that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be
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"Ethnographers cannot help but lie, but in lying, we reveal truths that escape those who are not so bold"
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The closest ethnographers can ever really get to reality is an approximate truth.
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relationships are sometimes not accounted for within the reporting of the ethnography despite the fact that they seemingly would influence the research findings.
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ine claims that objectivity is an illusion and that everything in ethnography is known from a perspective
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Observe the world from the point of view of the subject
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Link the group's symbols and their meanings with the social relationsh
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01 Nov 12
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15 Oct 12
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12 Oct 12
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An ethnography is a specific kind of written observational science which provides an account of a particular culture, society, or community.
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As ethnography developed, anthropologists grew more interested in less tangible aspects of culture, such as values, worldview and what Clifford Geertz termed the "ethos" of the culture.
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For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things).
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Beginning in the 1950s and early 1960s, anthropologists began writing "bio-confessional" ethnographies that intentionally exposed the nature of ethnographic research.
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Later "reflexive" ethnographies refined the technique to translate cultural differences by representing their effects on the ethnographer.
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This critical turn in sociocultural anthropology during the mid-1980s can, in large part, can be traced to the influence of the now classic (and often contested) text, Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, (1986) edited by James Clifford and George Marcus.
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Writing Culture became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claiming to absolute knowledge and objective authority
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Many of these ethical assumptions are rooted in positivist and post-positivist epistemologies that have adapted over time, but nonetheless are apparent and must be accounted for in all research paradigms.
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05 Sep 12
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26 Jul 12
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is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group.
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In order to accomplish a neutral observation a great deal of reflexivity on the part of the researcher is required. Reflexivity asks us "to explore the ways in which a researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research
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12 Apr 12
Dante-Gabryell MonsonEthnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is a qualitative research method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group.[1][2] It was pioneered in the field of socio-cultural anthropology but has also become a popular method in various other fields of social sciences—particularly in sociology,[3] communication studies, and history —that study people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnogenesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture.[4] It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human societies and cultures. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.
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31 Mar 12
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22 Dec 11
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04 Nov 11
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Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group.
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Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.
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Ethnography aims to describe the nature of those who are studied (i.e. to describe a people, an ethnos) through writing.[5] In the biological sciences, this type of study might be called a "field study" or a "case report," both of which are used as common synonyms for "ethnography".
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15 Oct 11
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qualitative
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describe the nature of those who are studied
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"field study" or a "case report,"
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28 Jul 11
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participant observation, interviews, questionnaires,
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interviewing
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longitudinal research
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Questionnaires
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26 Jun 11
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01 Jun 11
Simon BeckEthnography - (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is a scientific research strategy often used in the field of social sciences, particularly in anthropology and in some branches of sociology,[1] also known as part of historical science that studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnogenesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture.[2] It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human societies and cultures. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Ethnography aims to describe the nature of those who are studied (i.e. to describe a people, an ethnos) through writing.[3] In the biological sciences, this type of study might be called a "field study" or a "case report," both of which are used as common synonyms for "ethnography".[4]
Ethnograpahy social sciences anthropology sciology cultural studies
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26 Jan 11
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15 Jan 11
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28 Jan 10
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- Substantive Contribution: “Does the piece contribute to our understanding of social-life?”
- Aesthetic Merit: “Does this piece succeed aesthetically?”
- Reflexivity: “How did the author come to write this text…Is there adequate self-awareness and self-exposure for the reader to make judgments about the point of view?”
- Impact: “Does this affect me? Emotionally? Intellectually?” Does it move me?
- Expresses a Reality: “Does it seem ‘true’—a credible account of a cultural, social, individual, or communal sense of the ‘real’?”
Ethnographic methodology is not usually evaluated in terms of philosophical standpoint (such as positivism and emotionalism), ethnographies nonetheless need to be evaluated in some manner. While there is no consensus on evaluation standards, Richardson (2000, p. 254) [7] provides 5 criteria that ethnographers might find helpful.
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Ethnographers study and interpret culture, its universalities and its variations through ethnographic study based on fieldwork. An ethnography is a specific kind of written observational science which provides an account of a particular culture, society, or community. The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life.
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Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies.
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Ethnographers are participant observers.
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understanding local behavior and thought.
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23 Dec 09
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26 Jan 09
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09 Nov 08
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Ethnography (Greek ????? ethnos = people and ??????? graphein = writing) is a genre of writing that uses fieldwork to provide a descriptive study of human societies. Ethnography presents the results of a holistic research method founded on the idea that a system's properties cannot necessarily be accurately understood independently of each other. The genre has both formal and historical connections to travel writing and colonial office reports.
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09 Sep 08
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31 Aug 08
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25 Jul 08
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08 May 08
Jubaer AlamFor those who wanted to know more about what exactly Ethnography is. Chapter 1 in the Basics/Metcalf book only covered it briefly.
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31 Jan 08
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02 Jan 08
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24 Mar 05
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