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It is also used for knowledge management and business collaboration
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- Usability: Aspects of the Drupal 6 administration interface were seen to be confusing and intimidating to some, particularly for new administrators.[79][80][81][82] According to Dries Buytaert, Drupal 7 addressed 90% of the problems identified by Usability tests conducted at the Universities of Minnesota and Baltimore.[83][84] To achieve this, Acquia (the company founded by the project lead of Drupal) hired user experience designer Mark Boulton to work with the Drupal community to design an improved user interface for Drupal's administration interface.[85] The majority of his team's design work has been implemented by the community in Drupal 7. The 2011 usability test results from the University of Minnesota Office of Information Technology show that all of the major usability problems identified in Drupal 6 are either vastly improved or non-existent in Drupal 7. However, some new usability problems were identified.[86][87]
- Learning curve: Some users describe Drupal as being difficult to master.[79][88][89] Drupal's many contributed modules can have overlapping functionality and have been reported as overwhelming to new users.[90]
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Akshaye NarulaDrupal ( /ˈdruːpəl/) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) and content management framework (CMF) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License.[2][3][4] It is used as a back-end system for at least 1.5% of all websites worldwide[5][6] ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites including whitehouse.gov and data.gov.uk.[7] It is also used for knowledge management and business collaboration.
The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core, contains basic features common to content management systems. These include user account registration and maintenance, menu management, RSS feeds, page layout customization, and system administration. The Drupal core installation can be used as a brochureware website, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum, or a community website providing for user-generated content.
As of March 2012 there are more than 15,648 free community-contributed addons, known as contrib modules, available to alter and extend Drupal's core capabilities and add new features or customize Drupal's behavior and appearance. Because of this plug-in extensibility and modular design, Drupal is sometimes described as a content management framework.[3][8] Drupal is also described as a web application framework, as it meets the generally accepted feature requirements for such frameworks.
Although Drupal offers a sophisticated programming interface for developers, no programming skills are required for basic website installation and administration.[9]
Drupal runs on any computing platform that supports both a web server capable of running PHP (including Apache, IIS, Lighttpd, Hiawatha, Cherokee or Nginx) and a database (such as MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, MongoDB or Microsoft SQL Server) to store content and settings. Drupal 6 requires PHP 4.4.0+ while Drupal 7 requires PHP 5.2.5 or higher.[4]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Core
2.1 Core modules
2.2 Core themes
2.3 Localization
2.4 Auto-update notification
2.5 Database abstraction
2.6 Embracing Windows developers
3 Extending the core
3.1 Modules
3.2 Themes
3.3 Distributions
4 Community
4.1 DrupalCon events
4.1.1 Drupalgangers
5 Security
6 Criticism
7 Examples
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
[edit]History
Major Version Release Date
1.0 15 Jan 2001[10]
2.0 15 Mar 2001[10]
3.0 15 Sep 2001[10]
4.0 16 Jun 2002[10]
5.0 15 Jan 2007[11]
6.0 13 Feb 2008[12]
7.0 5 Jan 2011[13]
8.0 tbc
Drupal versions 1-6 release history timeline
Originally written by Dries Buytaert as a message board, Drupal became an open source project in 2001.[14] Drupal is an English rendering of the Dutch word "druppel", which means "drop" (as in "a water droplet").[15] The name was taken from the now-defunct Drop.org website, whose code slowly evolved into Drupal. Buytaert wanted to call the site "dorp" (Dutch for "village") for its community aspects, but mistyped it when checking the domain name and thought the error sounded better.[14]
Interest in Drupal got a significant boost in 2003, when it was used to build "DeanSpace" for Howard Dean, one of the candidates in the U.S. Democratic Party's primary campaign for the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Developed initially by Dean campaign volunteers Zack Rosen and Neil Drumm, DeanSpace used open source sharing of Drupal to support a decentralized network of approximately 50 disparate, unofficial pro-Dean web sites that communicated directly with one another as well as with the Dean campaign.[16] Although Dean eventually lost the presidential primary race to John Kerry, his campaign achieved unprecedented success at using the internet for fundraising. After Dean ended his campaign, Rosen and Drumm continued to pursue their interest in developing a community-building web platform that could aid political campaigns and activism by launching CivicSpace Labs in July 2004, "the first company with full-time employees that was developing and distributing Drupal technology."[17] CivicSpace operated for several years before closing, and by then several other companies had emerged that specialized in Drupal development.[18][19] By 2012, the Drupal website listed more than 100 vendors that offer Drupal-related services.[20]
A community now helps develop Drupal,[21] and Drupal's popularity is growing rapidly. From July 2007 to June 2008, Drupal was downloaded from the Drupal.org website more than 1.4 million times, an increase of approximately 125% from the previous year.[22][23]
As of February 2012, hundreds of thousands of sites used Drupal.[24] These include hundreds of well-known organizations,[25] including corporations, media & publishing companies, governments, non-profits,[26] schools, and individuals. Drupal also won several Packt Open Source CMS Awards[27] and won the Webware 100 three times in a row.[28][29]
On March 5, 2009, Buytaert announced a code freeze for Drupal 7 for September 1, 2009.[30] Drupal 7 was released on January 5, 2011, with release parties in multiple countries.[31] As of this release, maintenance for Drupal 5 has stopped, and only Drupal 7 and Drupal 6 are maintained.[32] The latest version is Drupal 7.14, released on 2 May 2012.
Drupal 8 is in development and a release has not yet been set as of December 2011.[33] The work on Drupal 8 is divided in the categories, called Core initiatives, Mobile, Layouts, Web Services and Configuration management. The Google Summer of Code is sponsoring 20 Drupal projects.[34]
[edit]Core
In the Drupal community, the term "core" means anything outside of the "sites" folder in a Drupal installation.[35] Drupal core is the stock element of Drupal. In its default configuration, a Drupal website's content can be contributed by either registered or anonymous users (at the discretion of the administrator) and is made accessible to web visitors by a variety of selectable criteria. Drupal core also includes a hierarchical taxonomy system, which allows content to be categorized or tagged with key words for easier access.[9]
Drupal maintains a detailed changelog of core feature updates by version.[1]
[edit]Core modules
Drupal Core includes optional modules which can be enabled by the administrator to extend the functionality of the core website.[36]
The core Drupal distribution provides a number of features, including:[36]
Access statistics and logging
Advanced search
Blogs, books, comments, forums, and polls
Caching and feature throttling for improved performance
Descriptive URLs
Multi-level menu system
Multi-site support[37]
Multi-user content creation and editing
OpenID support
RSS feed and feed aggregator
Security and new release update notification
User profiles
Various access control restrictions (user roles, IP addresses, email)
Workflow tools (triggers and actions)
[edit]Core themes
The color editor being used to adjust the "Garland" core theme
Drupal core includes core themes, which customize the "look and feel" of Drupal sites.[38]
For example, Garland, Blue Marine etc.
The Color Module, introduced in Drupal core 5.0, allows administrators to change the color scheme of certain themes via a browser interface.[39]
[edit]Localization
By February 2008, Drupal had been made available in 55 languages and English (the default).[40] Support is included for right-to-left languages such as Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew.[41]
Drupal localization is built on top of gettext, the GNU internationalization and localization (i18n) library.
[edit]Auto-update notification
Drupal can automatically notify the administrator about new versions of modules, themes, or the Drupal core.[41] Such a feature can be useful for security fixes.
[edit]Database abstraction
Prior to version 7, Drupal had functions which performed tasks related to databases, such as SQL query cleansing, multi-site table name prefixing, and generating proper SQL queries. In particular, Drupal 6 introduced an abstraction layer that allowed programmers to create SQL queries without writing SQL.
Drupal 7 extends the data abstraction layer so that a programmer no longer needs to write SQL queries as text strings. It uses PHP Data Objects to abstract the physical database. Microsoft has written a database driver for their SQL Server.[42]
[edit]Embracing Windows developers
With Drupal 7's new database abstraction layer and ability to run on IIS, it is now easier for Windows developers to participate in the Drupal community. A group on Drupal.org is dedicated to Windows issues.[43]
[edit]Extending the core
Drupal core is modular, defining a system of hooks and callbacks, which are accessed internally via an API.[44] This design allows third-party contributed (often abbreviated to "contrib") modules and themes to extend or override Drupal's default behaviors without changing Drupal core's code.
Drupal isolates core files from contributed modules and themes. This increases flexibility and security and allows administrators to cleanly upgrade to new releases without overwriting their site's customizations.[45] The Drupal community has the saying "Never hack core", a strong recommendation that people do not change core files.[35]
[edit]Modules
Contributed modules offer image galleries, custom content types and content listings, WYSIWYG editors, private messaging, third-party integration tools,[46] and more. As of June 2012 the Drupal website lists almost 16,500 free modules.[47]
Some of the most commonly used contrib modules include:[48]
Content Construction Kit (CCK): allows site administrators to dynamically create content types by extending the database schema. "Content type" describes the kind of information. Content types include, but are not limited to, events, invitations, reviews, articles, and products. The CCK Fields API is in Drupal core in Drupal 7.[49]
Views: facilitates the retrieval and presentation, through a database abstraction system, of content to site visitors.
Panels: drag and drop layout manager that allows site administrators to visually design their site.
[edit]Themes
Contributed themes adapt or replace a Drupal site's default look and feel.
Drupal themes use standardized formats that may be generated by common third-party theme design engines. Many are written in the PHPTemplate engine[50] or, to a lesser extent, the XTemplate engine.[51] Some templates use hard-coded PHP.
The inclusion of the PHPTemplate and XTemplate engines in Drupal addressed user concerns about flexibility and complexity.[52] The Drupal theming system utilizes a template engine to further separate HTML/CSS from PHP. A popular Drupal contributed module called 'Devel' provides GUI information to developers and themers about the page build.
Community-contributed themes[53] at the Drupal website are released under a free GPL license,[54] and most of them are demonstrated at the Drupal Theme Garden.[55]
[edit]Distributions
In the past, those wanting a fully customized installation of Drupal had to download a pre-tailored version separately from the official Drupal core. Today, however, a distribution defines a packaged version of Drupal that upon installation, provides a website or application built for a specific purpose.
The distributions offer the benefit of a new Drupal site without having to manually seek out and install third-party contrib modules or adjust configuration settings. They are collections of modules, themes, and associated configuration settings that prepare Drupal for custom operation. For example, a distribution could configure Drupal as a "brochureware" site rather than a "news" site or an "online store".
Distributions include OpenPublish,[56] Drupal Commons,[57] Open Atrium,[58] Managing News,[59] Tattler,[60] NodeStream,[61] Pressflow,[62] OpenPublic[63] and the Conference Organizing Distribution (COD)[64]
[edit]Community
Drupal.org has a large community of users and developers, with over 648,000 user accounts and over 10,000 developer accounts.[47] The semiannual Drupal conference alternates between North America and Europe.[65] Attendance at DrupalCon grew from 500 at Szeged in August 2008 to over 3,000 people at Chicago in March 2011.[66] The European DrupalCon 2012 will take place in August 2012 in Munich, Germany.
Smaller events, known as "Drupal Camps", occur throughout the year all over the world.
There are a number of active Drupal forums,[67] mailing lists[68] and discussion groups.[69] Drupal also maintains several IRC channels[70] on the Freenode network.
There are over 30 national communities[71] around drupal.org offering language-specific support. -
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Drupal (
/ˈdruːpəl/) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) and content management framework (CMF) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License.[2][3][4] It is used as a back-end system for at least 1.5% of all websites worldwide[5][6] ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites including whitehouse.gov and data.gov.uk.[7] It is also used for knowledge management and business collaboration.
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Karsten SommerDrupalis a
free and open source Content
Management System
(CMS) written in PHPdrupal cms opensource php content management system wikipedia web
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Drupal is sometimes described as a "Content Management Framework"[5] as its capabilities extend from content management to enabling a wide range of services and transactions. Although Drupal does offer a sophisticated programming interface, basic web site installation and administration can be accomplished with no programming.[4]
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In 2007, a Drupal-focused company, Acquia, was created by Drupal project lead Dries Buytaert and Jay Batson. Acquia announced at Drupalcon Boston 2008 that it will offer a subscription-based service for Drupal in the 2nd half of 2008. Subscriptions will include one or more Drupal distributions[57], a set of companion network-supplied value-add services, and access to a Technical Assistance Center.
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over 2000 people have signed up for developer accounts.[58] The last major conference, Drupalcon Boston 2008, attracted over 800 people
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Suvi KorhonenDrupal is a free and open source modular content management system (CMS) written in the programming language PHP. A CMS is used by administrators to track online visitors and prepare customized content for consumption, usually as HTML-based Web pages.
drupal cms wikipedia php opensource contentmanagement software web2.0 business applications ajax for:lindaliukas for:sallal
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