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22 May 15
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When a cell switches to the biofilm mode of growth, it undergoes a phenotypic shift in behavior in which large suites of genes are differentially regulated.
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cells are able to communicate via quorum sensing using products such as AHL
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quorum sensing molecules namely N-acylhomoserine lactones of various chain length
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Nitric oxide has the potential for the treatment of patients that suffer from chronic infections caused by biofilms.
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Biofilms can contain many different types of microorganism, e.g. bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and algae; each group performs specialized metabolic functions. However, some organisms will form single-species films under certain conditions. The social structure (cooperation, competition) within a biofilm highly depends on the different species present.
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hydrophobic EPS also occur; one example is cellulose which is produced by a range of microorganisms
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The EPS matrix is an important key to the evolutionary success of biofilms. One reason is that it traps extracellular enzymes and keeps them in close proximity to the cells. Thus, the matrix represents an external digestion system and allows for stable synergistic microconsortia of different species
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One benefit of this environment is increased resistance to detergents and antibiotics, as the dense extracellular matrix and the outer layer of cells protect the interior of the community. In some cases antibiotic resistance can be increased a thousandfold.
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Biofilms can grow in the most extreme environments: from, for example, the extremely hot, briny waters of hot springs ranging from very acidic to very alkaline, to frozen glaciers.
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Biofilms can also be harnessed for constructive purposes.
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This is especially important because the appendix holds a mass amount of these bacterial bio-films.[32] This discovery helps to distinguish the possible function of the appendix and the idea that the appendix can help reinoculate the gut with good gut flora.
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It has recently been shown that biofilms are present on the removed tissue of 80% of patients undergoing surgery for chronic sinusitis. The patients with biofilms were shown to have been denuded of cilia and goblet cells, unlike the controls without biofilms who had normal cilia and goblet cell morphology.
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Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that adheres to the teeth and consists of many species of both fungal and bacterial cells (such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans), salivary polymers and microbial extracellular products. The accumulation of microorganisms subjects the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations of bacterial metabolites which results in dental disease.
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It appears that S. mutans can survive the frequent acid stress in oral biofilms, in part, through the recombinational repair provided by competence and transformation.
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Legionella bacteria are known to grow under certain conditions in biofilms, in which they are protected against disinfectants.
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biofilms are known to develop on all medical devices and tissue engineering constructs
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it is now possible to detect biofilms with a thickness down to μm
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08 Jul 13
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A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface.
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17 Jan 13
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A biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface
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adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS
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. Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime (although not everything described as slime is a biofilm)
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cells are able to communicate via quorum sensing using products such as AHL
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23 Nov 12
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A biofilm
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Microbes form a biofilm in response to many factors, which may include cellular recognition of specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface, nutritional cues, or in some cases, by exposure of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.[3][4] When a cell switches to the biofilm mode of growth, it undergoes a phenotypic shift in behavior in which large suites of genes are differentially regulated.[5]
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14 Nov 11
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14 Jul 11
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14 May 10
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09 Apr 09
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