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What's an Extension?
If you've used PHP, you've used extensions. With only a few exceptions, every userspace function in the PHP language is grouped into one extension or another. A great many of these functions are part of the standard extension - over 400 of them in total. The PHP source bundle comes with around 86 extensions, having an average of about 30 functions each. Do the math, that's about 2500 functions. As if this weren't enough, the PECL repository offers over 100 additional extensions, and even more can be found elsewhere on the Internet.
"With all these functions living in extensions, what's left?" I hear you ask. "What are they an extension to? What is the 'core' of PHP?"
PHP's core is made up of two separate pieces. At the lowest levels you find the Zend Engine (ZE). ZE handles parsing a human-readable script into machine-readable tokens, and then executing those tokens within a process space. ZE also handles memory management, variable scope, and dispatching function calls. The other half of this split personality is the PHP core. PHP handles communication with, and bindings to, the SAPI layer (Server Application Programming Interface, also commonly used to refer to the host environment - Apache, IIS, CLI, CGI, etc). It also provides a unified control layer for
safe_modeandopen_basedirchecks, as well as the streams layer which associates file and network I/O with userspace functions likefopen(),fread(), andfwrite().
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